18. The anticodon and/or the amino acid arms of a tRNA are key for a specific aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase to recognize This was revealed via: crystal structure determination of the synthetases complexed with their cognate tRNAs; sequence comparison of tRNAs binding to the same synthetase; and mutagenesis studies

Expression, Purification and Crystallization of the Mycobacterium Tuberculosis HSP16.3 Molecular Chaperone Background of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis HSP16.3 HSP16.3, a 16.3 kDa protein from Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, was originally identified as a prominent antigen (Kingston et al., 1987). During the stationary phase

General introduction Ion channels G-protein coupled receptors Second messengers Tyrosine kinase receptors From plasma membrane to the nucleus: Regulation of gene expression Cytokine signaling Cell cycle Apoptosis

Images removed due to copyright considerations. See the following: Figure 1 and Table 1 in Reed SI. 2003. Ratchets and clocks: The cell cycle nover ubiquitylation and protein turnover. Nat Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 4: 855-864. Figure 1 in Bartek J, Lukas J. Mammalian G1-and S-phase checkpoints in response to DNA damage. Curr Opin Cell

Rip: REGULATED INTRAHENBRANE PROTEOLYSis .Site. spacifie membrae. prote2ses Substratey achivated by protcolytc procassing .. SREBP TF controlling rol metabohis IRE1 Unfolded protein response Notch APP \RoP*: REGULATED. UBiQUiTIN/PROTEASOME DEPENDENT PROCESSING\ type ERAD (ER zciakd dxgradatin) process involving proltoly'c procassing:

he relationship between structure and function reaches its ultimate expression in the chemistry of amino acids, peptides, and protein Amino acids are carboxylic acids that contain an amine function. Under cer- tain conditions the amine group of one molecule and the carboxyl group of a second can react, uniting the two amino acids by an amide bond. Amide(peptide)bond

一、抑制细胞壁合成Cell Wall Synthesis):青霉素 二、抑制细胞膜功能(Cell Membrane Damage):多烯类抗生素 三、抑制蛋白质合成(Protein Synthesis): 四环素 四、抑制核酸合成(Nucleic Acid Synthesis):丝裂霉素

The surplus amino acids in animals can be completely oxidized or converted to other storable fuels Amino acids in excess (from diet, protein turnover) can neither be stored, nor excreted, but oxidized to release energy or converted to fatty acids or glucose. Animals also utilize amino acid for energy generation during starvation or in diabetes mellitus

Chapter Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins 0. General Introduction Proteins are polymers(多聚体) of amino acids. -20 amino acids(氨基酸)→ millions of proteins with different properties and activities. Protein structures are studied at primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary levels. -a helix, B sheets, globular, complexes, denaturation and folding. Proteins have widely diverse forms and functions

1. Early studies on the peptide(protein) structure 1.1 The peptide(o=c-n-h) bond was found to be shorter than the C-N bond in a simple amine and atoms attached are coplanar. 1.1.1 This was revealed by X-ray diffraction studies of amino acids and of simple dipeptides and tripeptides