Although DNA replication, repair, homologous recombination occur with high fidelity to ensure the genome identity between generations, there are genetic processes that rearrange DNA sequences and thus lead to a more dynamic genome structure Two classes of genetic recombination for DNA rearrangement: • Conservative site-specific recombination (CSSR): recombination between two defined sequence elements • Transpositional recombination (Transposition): recombination between specific sequences and nonspecific DNA sites

（1）不离开自己的座位。（2）收起书和笔记，不可放 在桌面上。（3）只能看和写自己的试卷（4）老师宣布 停的时候，所有学生必须放下自己的笔，眼睛 向前看。 （5）老师宣布收试卷时，试卷必须快速由每排的最左 边传向右边，每排最右边的同学负责把试卷交给当堂助 教

1. Please define the term “mutation”, and list the major types of DNA mutations and their corresponding phenotypic effects. (20 points) 2. Please define the term “DNA lesion”. Please list the three types of DNA lesions and the chemical or physical mutagens cause these lesions. (20 points)

Q1. Prokaryotic cell E. coli consists of a single closed-circular DNA molecule of 4.6 x 106 bp long. This DNA molecule would be 1.6 mm if the double helix is relaxed. Please describe what strategies does E. coli use to pack such a long molecules into its nucleoid less than a micrometer (mm) in diameter. (20 points)

Q1. Prokaryotic cell E. coli consists of a single closed-circular DNA molecule of 4.6 x 106 bp long. This DNA molecule would be 1.6 mm if the double helix is relaxed. Please describe what strategies does E. coli use to pack such a long molecules into its nucleoid less than a micrometer (mm) in diameter. (20 points)

（1）不离开自己的座位。（2）合上书和笔记。（3） 个人只能看和写自己的试卷（4）老师宣布停的时候， 所有学生必须放下自己的笔，眼睛 向前看。（5）老师 宣布收试卷时，试卷必须快速由每排的最左边传向右边， 每排最右边的同学负责把试卷交给当堂助教

1. What are the gene expression stages that can be regulated? (10 points) Regulated stages in gene expression: (1) transcription initiation (the most important stage): RNAP binding of the promoter, transition from the closed complex to the open complex; promoter escape 4’ (2) stages after initiation (elongation and termination) 2’ (3) RNA processing (alternative splicing) in eukaryotes 2’ (4) translation 2’

2.不许离开自己的座位，不许看他人试卷，不许讲话 (有问题举手） 3.老师宣布收试卷时，试卷必须快速由每排的最左边传向右边，每排最右边的同学负责把试 卷交给当堂助教。迟交者不收！

Your answer should describe what each item is and how it functions in the cell. Diagrams, structure and sequence information could be included in your answer, as necessary. 1. Affinity chromotography 2. microRNA 3. Alternative splicing 4. Insulator 5. Riboswitch 6. Wobble concept 7. Topoisomerase

一、前言 微生物学实验是生物科学重要的基础课之一,特别是随着分子生物学 的发展与拓宽,微生物学方法与技术显得尤为重要。因此,熟悉掌握微生 物学方法与技术,对其它很多学科的发展有直接的影响。无菌操作技能和 无菌概念的建立是微生物学实验中最重要的内容,由于微生物学实验结果 的观察有的需几天后再观察,这样学生徐长到实验室来,或非时间较多。 实验课程教学大纲包括实验目的与要求