accelerations account for non-central forces(drag, thrust, etc. X-axis in zenith, y-axis in frames velocity, and z-axis in transverse directions 8 Free orbit solution where 'A and 'B' are lengths and'a andB are phase angles
Transform-Domain Representation of Discrete-Time Signals Three useful representations of discrete-time sequences in the transform domain: Discrete-time- Fourier Transform(DTFT) YDiscrete Fourier Transform(DFT) z- -Transform
Testing with Rank Sum Z Test for Differences in Two Proportions (Independent Samples) x2Test for Differences in Two Proportions (Independent Samples) x2Test for Differences in c Proportions (Independent Samples) x2Test of Independence