一、DNA指导下的RNA 的合成：转录 二、转录后RNA的加工 三、RNA指导下DNA的合成：逆转录 四、RNA指导下的RNA的合成：RNA复制

一、DNA的半保留复制 二、DNA复制的起点与方向 三、DNA的半不连续复制 四、与DNA 复制有关的蛋白质 五、大肠杆菌DNA的复制过程 六、复制起始的时序控制 七、真核生物DNA复制特点 八、DNA损伤的修复

一、基因（组）与遗传 二、遗传物质染色体与DNA的区别与联系 三、DNA的组成与结构 四、原核与真核染色体DNA比较

8.1 Introduction 8.2 Chaperones may be required for protein folding 8.3 Post-translational membrane insertion depends on leader sequences 8.4 A hierarchy of sequences determines location within organelles 8.5 Signal sequences initiate translocation 8.6 How do proteins enter and leave membranes? 8.7 Anchor signals are needed for membrane residence 8.8 Bacteria use both co-translational and post-translational translocation 8.9 Pores are used for nuclear ingress and egress 8.10 Protein degradation by proteasomes

7.1 Introduction 7.2 Codon-anticodon recognition involves wobbling 7.3 tRNA contains modified bases that influence its pairing properties 7.4 (There are sporadic alterations of the universal code) 7.5 tRNAs are charged with amino acids by synthetases 7.6 Accuracy depends on proofreading 7.7 Suppressor tRNAs have mutated anticodons that read new codons 7.8 The accuracy of translation 7.9 tRNA may influence the reading frame

真核生物的基因组（重点） 真核生物基因表达调控的特点和种类（熟悉） 真核生物DNA水平上的基因表达调控（重点） 真核生物转录水平上的基因表达调控（重点） 真核生物其他水平上的基因表达调控（熟悉）

基因表达调控的基本概念 原核基因调控机制 乳糖操纵子 色氨酸操纵子 其他操纵子 转录后水平上的调控

第一节 真核生物的基因组 第二节 真核生物基因表达调控的特点和种类 第三节 真核生物DNA水平上的基因表达调控 第四节 真核生物转录水平上的基因表达调控

5.1 Introduction 5.2 Transfer RNA is the adapter 5.3 Messenger RNA is translated by ribosomes 5.4 The life cycle of bacterial messenger RNA 5.5 Translation of eukaryotic mRNA 5.6 The 5 end of eukaryotic mRNA is capped 5.7 The 3 terminus is polyadenylated 5.8 Bacterial mRNA degradation involves multiple enzymes

Gene clusters are formed by duplication and divergence Sequence divergence is the basis for the evolutionary clock Pseudogenes are dead ends of evolution Unequal crossing-over rearranges gene clusters Genes for rRNA form tandem repeats ( The repeated genes for rRNA maintain constant sequence) Crossover fixation could maintain identical repeats Satellite DNAs often lie in heterochromatin Arthropod satellites have very short identical repeats Mammalian satellites consist of hierarchical repeats Minisatellites are useful for genetic mapping