realized that the immune system could go awry and, instead of reacting against foreign antigens, could focus its attack on self-antigens. He termed this con- dition\horror autotoxicus \We now understand that while mechanisms of self-tolerance normally protect an individual from potentially self-reactive lymphocytes, there are failures They result in an inappropriate response of the immune system against self-components termed autoimmunity In the 1960s, it was believed that all self-reactive lymphocytes

immunology, refers to the act of transferring cells, tissues, or organs from one site to another. The desire to accomplish transplants stems from the realization that many diseases can be cured by implantation of a healthy organ, tissue, or cells(a graft)from one individual (the donor)to another in need of the transplant(the recipient or

一、概述 二、自身免疫病的病理损伤机制 三、自身免疫病的遗传和环境因素 四、常见自身免疫病举例 五、自身免疫性疾病的防治原则

一、细菌的分布 (一)细菌在自然界的分布 1.土壤(最多) (1)分布:距地面10~20cm的土壤中最多。 (2)与人类的关系

肠道病毒是一大群寄居于人消化道细胞内增殖的病毒。 特点: 1.病毒体呈球形,衣壳为20面体立体对称,无包膜。 2.核心为单股正链RNA,具有感染性。 3.在宿主细胞浆内增殖,有较强的杀细胞作用。 4.耐乙醚和酸,较耐热

呼吸道病毒感染 90~95%流感是由病毒引起。病毒侵犯上、下呼吸道粘膜并在其 中增殖,破坏局部纤毛上皮、纤毛 运动停止,产生各种呼吸道症状, 易继发细菌感染

细菌对宿主能引起疾病的性能称为致病性。 一、细菌的致病性 细菌的致病性是针对确定的宿主而言。细菌的致病性包括细菌对宿主引 起疾病的性能和对宿主致病能力大小两个方面的含义。病原菌的致病性与其 本身的毒力、侵入数量和侵入途径有着密切的关系

一、实验目的 1.验证细菌在外界环境和正常人体的分布,树立严格的无菌与无菌操作 的观念。 2.认识常用的消毒灭菌器,并掌握常用消毒灭菌器及滤菌器的使用方法

lure can have dire consequences. Nude Mouse (nu/nu) elf and begins to attack hich is Primary Immunodeficiencies AIDS and Other Acquired or Secondary Immunodeficiencies at birth differentiated from immunodeficiencies in which the non- specific mediators of innate immunity, such as phagocytes or ed. Immunodeficiencies are conve- by the type or the developmental stage of overall cellular de g the locations of prevennon stra

细菌与其他生物细胞一样,不断从外界环境中获得营养,合成自身细胞 成分并获得能量,同时不断排除废物,完成新陈代谢,得以生长繁殖