本课程主要讲授外贸业务一般知识，包括询价，订货，安排货源，付款条件，运输，保险、索赔、贸易代理等环节的基本知识以及外贸信函的常用表达法，习惯搭配用语等。课程宗旨是使学生了解经贸西班牙语语言特点、有关语法及各种文体，掌握800-1000常用经贸词汇，具备正确理解和翻译经贸信函的能力

Before earth and sea and heaven were created, all things were one aspect, to which we give the name of Chaos(a confused and shapeless mass). Earth, sea, and air were all mixed up together; so the earth was not solid, the sea was not fluid, and the air was not transparent

It was midday, and the sun stood equally distant from either goal, when young Actaeon, son of King Cadmus, thus address￾ed the youths who with him were hunting the stag in the mountains

• Ⅰ. Reasons • Ⅱ.English passive: • Syntactic passive(结构被动) • Notional passive (意义被动) • E.g. • 1）She dressed beautifully. • (She is dressed beautifully.) • 2 ）These products sell like hot cakes. (These products are sold like hot cakes. ) • Ⅲ. Chinese passive • Marked passive • Unmarked passive • Ⅳ. E-C Translation • 1. E:译为C的主动句或Unmarked passive • 2. E: 译为C的Marked passive • 3. E: 译为C的被动句的转化形式（Chinese passive may be expressed by other structure）

Hera’s twin-brother Zeus sought her out at Cnossus in Crete, where he courted her, at first unsuccess￾fully. She took pity on him only when he adopted the disguise of a bedraggled cuckoo, and tenderly warm￾ed him in her bosom. There he at once resumed his true shape and ravished her, so that she was sham￾ed into marrying him

• Ⅰ. Amplification in English-Chinese translation • Amplification means to add necessary words, phrases, clauses or sentences to the translated text in purpose of making it consistent with the target language in meaning, grammar and culture connotation. Amplification does not add new information to the message and only help understand the text. In this part we will analyze how to use amplification to achieve equivalence in English-Chinese translation in these three levels, i.e. syntactic, semantic, and rhetorical. • 1) Her tone was more friendly than David’s (tone). • 2) She sang her sweetest (song). • 3) Shall I write my name on, above or below the line?

• Ⅰ. Nida’s analysis of the process of translation • (1) analysis of the source text • (2) transfer from the source to the target language • (3) restructuring in the target language • (4) testing of the translated text with persons who represent the intended（future） audience

一、主语的确定  在汉译英的实践中，对主语的确定可采取以 下三种处理方法：  1.汉语无主句的英译  -----增补主语  2.以原句主语作译文主语  3.重新确定主语

A Contrastive Study of Differences in Thought Patterns Between English and Chinese  From the angle of translatology, translation includes thought level, semantic level and aesthetic level. But thought level is the basis and precondition upon which the other levels are built. So in this chapter we shall trace back cultural backgrounds contributing to differences in thought patterns between English and Chinese

第一节语法概说 一、什么是语法 语法是语言中词的构成和变化规则及组词成句规则的总和。 二、语法的构成语法由词法、句法两部分构成词法指词的构成和变化的规则。 (一)词法的研究对象是词和比词小的语法单位 (二)句法法指组词成的规则,包括词组的