主持人:好,请武教授马上给咱们带来一场精彩的学术报告,深入浅出的学术报告,叫做“什么是分 岔”。好,有请。 武际可:我今天讲的是关于分岔的问题。分岔在英文叫做 Bifurcation,这个词在中文里头大概有六种 翻译,我看到的有六种翻译,每个含义用词都用得不一样,有的叫分叉、有的叫分枝、还有的叫分歧等等

第一节 遗传密码 第二节 蛋白质合成的分子基础 第三节 翻译的步骤 第四节 蛋白质的运输及翻译后修饰

6.1 遗传信息的概念 6.2基因表达调控的理论与模式 6.2.1.2 stringent response control 6.2.1.3 基因表达调控的综合实例 6.2.1.4 Attenuator control CΔ E L.S. — D C B A 0 16.5 6.2.2 post-transcriptional level control 6.2.2.1 pre-RNA processing 6.2.2.2 Anti sense RNA (micRNA) 6.2.2.2 anti-sense RNA control protein translation 6.2.2.3 RNA interference (RNAi )的发现与证实 6.2.2.4 microRNA (miRNA) 6.2.3 Translational level control 6.2.3.1 Operon内各基因以一定比例的协调翻译 6.2.3.2 Modulate—codon usage & tRNA 6.2.3.3 Informasome 6.2.3.4 蛋白质合成的自体调控 6.2.3.5 mRNA 二级结构对翻译的调节 6.2.3.6 可逆性磷酸化对转录与翻译过程的调节 6.2.3.7 mRNA 的结构对翻译水平的调控 6.2.4 Gene expression control 6.2.4.1 蛋白质分泌的信号肽假说 6.2.4.2 protein degradation 6.3 表观遗传及其分子机制 Epigenetic and Molecular Mechanism 6.3.1 ATP－dependent Chromatin remodeling

• Ⅰ. Nida’s analysis of the process of translation • (1) analysis of the source text • (2) transfer from the source to the target language • (3) restructuring in the target language • (4) testing of the translated text with persons who represent the intended（future） audience

• Ⅰ. Reasons • Ⅱ.English passive: • Syntactic passive(结构被动) • Notional passive (意义被动) • E.g. • 1）She dressed beautifully. • (She is dressed beautifully.) • 2 ）These products sell like hot cakes. (These products are sold like hot cakes. ) • Ⅲ. Chinese passive • Marked passive • Unmarked passive • Ⅳ. E-C Translation • 1. E:译为C的主动句或Unmarked passive • 2. E: 译为C的Marked passive • 3. E: 译为C的被动句的转化形式（Chinese passive may be expressed by other structure）

• Ⅰ. Amplification in English-Chinese translation • Amplification means to add necessary words, phrases, clauses or sentences to the translated text in purpose of making it consistent with the target language in meaning, grammar and culture connotation. Amplification does not add new information to the message and only help understand the text. In this part we will analyze how to use amplification to achieve equivalence in English-Chinese translation in these three levels, i.e. syntactic, semantic, and rhetorical. • 1) Her tone was more friendly than David’s (tone). • 2) She sang her sweetest (song). • 3) Shall I write my name on, above or below the line?

• This chapter is chiefly concerned with the transformation rules between various parts of speech in English-Chinese translation, including the transformation of nouns, verbs, prepositions, adjectives, adverbs in English

Idiom, as a linguistic phenomenon, can be regarded as the most special part of language, and they are heavily culture￾loaded. Because of those culture differences, idioms become one of the greatest barriers for cross-culture communication

Two tendencies often occur in the process of translation. One is going after smooth reading and beautiful language at the expense of the true meaning of the original, the other is rigidly sticking to the original words, and the translation turns out to be obscure [ əb'skjuə ] 难解的,含糊的and hard to understand

 I. Denotative Meaning & Associative Meaning  1. Denotative meaning:  (also known as conceptual meaning) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of the word meaning. It forms the basis for communication as the same word has the same denotative meaning to all the speakers of the same language