6.1 遗传信息的概念 6.2基因表达调控的理论与模式 6.2.1.2 stringent response control 6.2.1.3 基因表达调控的综合实例 6.2.1.4 Attenuator control CΔ E L.S. — D C B A 0 16.5 6.2.2 post-transcriptional level control 6.2.2.1 pre-RNA processing 6.2.2.2 Anti sense RNA (micRNA) 6.2.2.2 anti-sense RNA control protein translation 6.2.2.3 RNA interference (RNAi )的发现与证实 6.2.2.4 microRNA (miRNA) 6.2.3 Translational level control 6.2.3.1 Operon内各基因以一定比例的协调翻译 6.2.3.2 Modulate—codon usage & tRNA 6.2.3.3 Informasome 6.2.3.4 蛋白质合成的自体调控 6.2.3.5 mRNA 二级结构对翻译的调节 6.2.3.6 可逆性磷酸化对转录与翻译过程的调节 6.2.3.7 mRNA 的结构对翻译水平的调控 6.2.4 Gene expression control 6.2.4.1 蛋白质分泌的信号肽假说 6.2.4.2 protein degradation 6.3 表观遗传及其分子机制 Epigenetic and Molecular Mechanism 6.3.1 ATP－dependent Chromatin remodeling

• This chapter is chiefly concerned with the transformation rules between various parts of speech in English-Chinese translation, including the transformation of nouns, verbs, prepositions, adjectives, adverbs in English

• Ⅰ. Reasons • Ⅱ.English passive: • Syntactic passive(结构被动) • Notional passive (意义被动) • E.g. • 1）She dressed beautifully. • (She is dressed beautifully.) • 2 ）These products sell like hot cakes. (These products are sold like hot cakes. ) • Ⅲ. Chinese passive • Marked passive • Unmarked passive • Ⅳ. E-C Translation • 1. E:译为C的主动句或Unmarked passive • 2. E: 译为C的Marked passive • 3. E: 译为C的被动句的转化形式（Chinese passive may be expressed by other structure）

• Ⅰ. Amplification in English-Chinese translation • Amplification means to add necessary words, phrases, clauses or sentences to the translated text in purpose of making it consistent with the target language in meaning, grammar and culture connotation. Amplification does not add new information to the message and only help understand the text. In this part we will analyze how to use amplification to achieve equivalence in English-Chinese translation in these three levels, i.e. syntactic, semantic, and rhetorical. • 1) Her tone was more friendly than David’s (tone). • 2) She sang her sweetest (song). • 3) Shall I write my name on, above or below the line?

• Ⅰ. Nida’s analysis of the process of translation • (1) analysis of the source text • (2) transfer from the source to the target language • (3) restructuring in the target language • (4) testing of the translated text with persons who represent the intended（future） audience

Two tendencies often occur in the process of translation. One is going after smooth reading and beautiful language at the expense of the true meaning of the original, the other is rigidly sticking to the original words, and the translation turns out to be obscure [ əb'skjuə ] 难解的,含糊的and hard to understand

Idiom, as a linguistic phenomenon, can be regarded as the most special part of language, and they are heavily culture￾loaded. Because of those culture differences, idioms become one of the greatest barriers for cross-culture communication

 I. Denotative Meaning & Associative Meaning  1. Denotative meaning:  (also known as conceptual meaning) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of the word meaning. It forms the basis for communication as the same word has the same denotative meaning to all the speakers of the same language

A Contrastive Study of Differences in Thought Patterns Between English and Chinese  From the angle of translatology, translation includes thought level, semantic level and aesthetic level. But thought level is the basis and precondition upon which the other levels are built. So in this chapter we shall trace back cultural backgrounds contributing to differences in thought patterns between English and Chinese

近代著名学者严复在翻译西方法学名 著法国孟德斯鸠的《法意》在译文 的第一篇的按语中就提醒读者: “盖在中文,物有是非谓之理,国 有禁令谓之法,而西人则通谓之法