Functional groups The structural features that make it possible to classify compounds by reactivity are called functional groups. A functional group is a part of a larger molecule and is composed of an atom or a group of atoms that have a characteristic chemical behavior. The Chemistry of every organic molecules

Quinones are an interesting and valuable class of compounds because of their oxidation-reduction, or redox, properties. The redox properties of quinones are important to the functioning of living cells, where compounds called ubiquinones(泛醌) act as biochemical oxidizing agents to mediate the electro-transfer processes involved in energy production

17.1 The Acidity of the α Hydrogens of Carbonyl Compounds: Enolate Anions 17.2 Keto and Enol Tautomers 17.3 Reactions via Enols and Enolate Anions

实验一 MCM-22 分子筛的合成、表征及应用.1 实验二 乙炔二茂铁的制备及鉴定 .7 实验三 新型有机半导体材料的设计、合成、性质及其应用研究.13 实验四 双微乳体系制金属纳米粒子及其表征.17 实验五 强酸型阳离子交换树脂的制备及其交换量的测定.19 实验六 配合物键合异构体的红外光谱测定 .23 实验七 离子型化合物的离子交换分离 .26 实验八 环境友好催化剂的研制、性能测定及结构分析.29 实验九 高清晰喷墨数码打印相纸的研制 .42 实验十 光谱法研究生物大分子与小分子相互作用.44

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法（ICP-OES）对水样中微量元素的定性与定量分析 高效液相色谱分析实验——高效液相色谱法定性分析 石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定水中痕量铜 一种有机溶剂的气相色谱分析—校正面积归一化法定量

More reactive than benzene toward electrophilic substitution NO2 An deactivating group Less reactive than benzene toward electrophilic substitution Ortho-para director Meta director

Compounds were classified as being either aliphatic or aromatic in the latter part of the nineteenth century. To be classified as aliphatic meant then that the chemical behavior of a compound was “fatlike”. To be classified as aromatic meant then that the compound had a low hydrogen/carbon ratio and that it was “fragrant

7.3 芳香烃的化学性质 Reactions of Aromatic Hydrocarbons 7.4 苯环上亲电取代的定位规律 Orientation of Reactions on Substituted Aromatic Rings

1.12A The Structure of Methane sp3 Hybridization The 4 sp3 orbitals should be oriented at angles of 109.5° with respect to each other. An sp3-Hybridized carbon gives a tetrahedral structure for methane, and with four equivalent C—H bonds

More environment-friendly methods Natural insect attractants — instead pesticide Less reactive compounds organic refrigerants and aerosol propellant — instead Freon (that destroy the Earth’s ozone layer) Cars with more efficient combustion engines — reduce the massive amount of automobile