11.1 羧酸衍生物的命名 Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives 11.2 羧酸衍生物的结构和反应性 Structure and Reactivity of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives 11.3 羧酸衍生物的制备 Preparation of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives 11.4 羧酸衍生物的水解 醇解 氨解反应 Hydrolysis, Alcoholysis and Amonolysis Reactions of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives 11.5 羧酸衍生物的其它反应 Other Reactions of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives 11.6 酯缩合反应 Ester Condensation Reactions 11.7 油脂和蜡 Fats and Waxes

A mass spectrometer produces a spectrum of masses based on the structure of a molecule. It is a spectrum or plot of the distribution of ion masses corresponding to the formula weight of a molecule, fragments derived from the molecule, or both

In the addition of HX to an unsymmetrically substituted alkene, the hydrogen atom adds to the carbon atom of the double bond that already has the greater number of hydrogen atoms and that the X group adds to the carbon having more alkyl substituents. Markovnikov’s rule can be restated by saying that, in the addition of HX to an alkene, the more stable carbocation intermediate is formed

6.1 取代反应 6.1.1 卤化反应 6.1.2 硝化反应 6.1.3 磺化和氯磺化反应 6.2 燃烧和氧化反应 6.3 异构化反应 6.4 裂解(裂化)和脱氢反应

SN2 reactions are highly useful in organic synthesis because they enable use to convert one functional group into another —— functional group transformation (functional group interconversion)

Before 1951 only relative configurations of chiral molecules were known. Configurations of chiral molecules were related to each other through reactions of known stereochemistry. The standard compound was glyceraldehyde

Cycloalkanes with only one ring are named by attaching the prefix cyclo- to the names of the alkanes possessing the same number of carbon atoms

10.1 醇 10 3 醚 10.1.1 醇的分类和结构 10.3 醚 10.3.1 醚的分类和结构 10.1.2 醇的化学性质 10 2 酚 10.3.2 醚的化学性质 10.2 酚 10 4 环醚 10.2.1酚的分类和结构 10.4 环醚 10.5 冠醚 10.2.2酚的化学性质 10.6 硫醇、硫酚和硫醚

13.1油脂 13.2 碳水化合物 13.1.1 油脂的组成和构造 13.2 碳水化合物 13.2.1 碳水化合物概述 13.1.2 油脂的性质和应用 13.1.3 蜡 13.2.2 单糖 13.2.3 低聚糖 13.1.4 磷脂 13.2.4 多糖

15.5 喹啉、异喹啉 15.5.1 结构 15.5.2 性质 15.5.3 制备 15.6 唑 15.6.1 唑的分类和结构 15.6.2 唑的化学性质 15.6.3 唑的合成 15.7 二嗪环系 15.7.1 二嗪的结构 15.7.2 二嗪的化学性质 15.7.3 二嗪的合成 15.8 嘌呤及其衍生物 15.8.1 嘌呤的结构 ●目录 2 15.1 杂环化合物的分类和命名 15.1.1 杂环化合物的分类 15.1.2 杂环化合物的命名 15.2 呋喃、噻吩、吡咯 15.2.1 呋喃、噻吩和吡咯的结 构与芳香性 15.2.2 杂环化合物的分类 15.3 苯并呋喃、苯并噻吩、吲哚 15.3.1 苯并呋喃、苯并噻吩、 吲哚的结构 15.3.2 化学性质 15.4 吡啶 15.4.1 吡啶的结构 15.4.2 吡啶的化学性质