问题的提出 现实生活中引起因变量 变化的因素并非仅只一个自变量,可能 有很多个自变量。为了简便先讨论只有 两个自变量的线性模型。 例如,产出往往受各种 投入要素—资本、劳动、技术等的影 响;销售额往往受价格和公司对广告费 的投入的影响。 所以在一元线性模型的 基础上,提出了二元线性模型:

问题的提出 在前述基本假定下OLS估计具有BLUE的优 良性。 然而实际问题中,这些基本假定往往不能 满足,使OLS方法失效不再具有BLUE特性 估计参数时,必须检验基本假定是否满足 ,并针对基本假定不满足的情况,采取相 应的补救措施或者新的方法

1、参数OLS估计的方差增大 2、t检验失效,不能拒绝H0的可能僧大常常犯纳伪错误 3、降低预测

问题的提出 一、数据背后存在着某种规律性 二、最小二乘保证了3条性质——残差和=0,残差与自变量无关、残差与拟合值无关

问题的提出 在前述各章中我们假定随机扰动项服从均值=0,方差 等于(常数),独立同分布。但是,并没有假定随机扰 动项服从何种具体的分布。 由于没有假定服从何种具体的分布,因而无法计算随 机扰动项取不小于某值的概率,因而也无法计算估计量 取某种值的概率,也就无法对统计量进行假设检验和进 行区间估计

Ch. 7 Violations of the ideal conditions 1 ST pecification 1.1 Selection of variables Consider a initial model. which we assume that Y=x1/1+E, It is not unusual to begin with some formulation and then contemplate adding more variable(regressors) to the model

Ch.8 Nonspherical Disturbance This chapter will assume that the full ideal conditions hold except that the covari- ance matrix of the disturbance, i.e. E(EE)=02Q2, where Q is not the identity matrix. In particular, Q may be nondiagonal and / or have unequal diagonal ele- ments Two cases we shall consider in details are heteroscedasticity and auto-

Ch. 6 The Linear model under ideal conditions The(multiple) linear model is used to study the relationship between a dependent variable(Y) and several independent variables(X1, X2, ,Xk). That is ∫(X1,X2,…,Xk)+ E assume linear function 1X1+B2X2+…+6kXk+E xB+ where Y is the dependent or explained

Ch. 2 Probability Theory 1 Descriptive Study of Data 1.1 Histograms and Their Numerical Characteristics By descriptive study of data we refer to the summarization and exposition(tab- ulation, grouping, graphical representation) of observed data as well as the derivation of numerical characteristics such as measures of location, dispersion and shape

Ch. 11 Panel Data model Data sets that combine time series and cross sections are common in econo- metrics. For example, the published statistics of the OECD contain numerous series of economic aggregate observed yearly for many countries. The PSID is a studies of roughly 6000 families and 15000 individuals who has been interviews periodically from 1968 to the present