重复技术也称为复述技术、鼓励技术， 即直接地重复求助者的某些话，来强化 求助者叙述的内容并鼓励其进一步讲下 去

（一）内容反映 内容反映又称为释义、简述语意。 咨询师把求助者的主要言谈、思想，加 以综合整理后，再反馈给求助者。使求 助者有机会再次来剖析自己的困扰，重 新组合那些零散的事件和关系，深化谈 话的内容

一、阅读教学的概念 1、 阅读：阅读是从写的或印的语言 符号中取得意义的一种心理过程。广义 上说，读书、阅报、读通知、看图纸， 甚至看图像，都是不同形式的阅读活动。 狭义上说，专指阅读书刊报章的文字。 在语文教学中，则特指阅读语文教材中 的课文和课外读物

一、什么是语文课程评价 评价：即通过一定的方法、途径 对某一事物或某一问题作出客观描述 和价值判断的过程。 格朗兰德：评价=测量（量的记述） 或非测量（质的记述）+价值判断

一、语文教学策略 （一）制定课堂教学目标的策略 （二）优化教学过程的策略 （三）建立有效教学方式的策略 （四）选择教学方法的策略

Learning strategies are specific methods of learning information that help them learn and remember things. The four commonly observed trends in the development of learning strategies (1)rehearsal increases during the elementary school years. It is rare in kindergarten children but increases in frequency and effectiveness throughout the elementary school years

Constructivism are based on the idea that, unlike a computer disk or an empty container, students do not wait passively to be filled up with knowledge. Rather, students actively build, or construct, their own knowledge.Teachers cannot entirely control their students’ learning, expert teachers can do much to facilitate students’ own active learning processes

3.1 What is learning? Are they instances of learning? (1) A young child takes his first steps. (2) An adolescent male feels a strong attraction to certain females. (3) A child feels anxious when he sees the doctor coming with a needle. (4) Long after learning how to multiply, a girl realizes on her own that another way to multiply by 5 is to divided by 2 and multiply by 10(e.g. 428×5 can by figured as follows:428/2=214 ×10=2140)

4.1 Thorndike’s Connectionism 4.1.1 Edward Lee Thorndike:1874-1949, American educational psychologist. 1891-1895,studied English literature in Wesleyan University. 1895-1897,studied psychology in Harvard Unviversity.(James) 1897-1898, studied in Columbia University, and got his PH.D.(Kattel) 1912, became Chairman of APA

从象形文字的产生到埃及人丈量尼罗河两岸的土地，从航天飞机的问世到火星探测器对 火星形貌的探测，始终与图形有着密切关系，图形的重要性可以说是别的任何表达方法所不 能替代的 。现代图学教育可以为新世纪各类专门人才的图学素质培养及创新思维训练提供 方法