Contents How to use an open learning text Preface 1 An introduction to biotechnological innovations Industry G. Mijnbeek and C. K. Leach 2 Biocatalyst in organic chemical synthesis R O. Jenkins

True: Growing and dividing cells need to use substrate to provide energy and materials for growth, maintenance and product formation. In immobilised (non-growing) systems the energy and materials are only required for cell maintenance and product formation

1. Enzymes were among the first biological macromolecules to be studied chemically 1.1 Much of the early history of biochemistry is the history of enzyme research. 1.1.1 Biological catalysts were first recognized in studying animal food digestion and sugar fermentation with yeast (brewing and wine making)

Assay:化验,分析,测定。 Enzyme activity: unit() is defined as the amount of enzyme which convert 1 micromole (umol) of substrate to product(s) in 1 minute under specified conditions. Specific activity: enzyme activity expressed per unit mass of protein present. (units/mg)

Preface The BIOTOL series of texts are designed to provide a self-study resource concerning the principles, practices and applications of biotechnology. This text is designed to explain how biotechnology may be applied to solve problems encountered in the production and use of organic chemicals in a wide

It is beyond the scope of this class to understand the following. If only one equilibration is in effect, the pH of the solution is determined by one Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

table 13-1 Some Signals to Which Cells Respond Antigens Cell surface glycoproteins/oligosaccharides Developmental signals Extracellular matrix components Growth factors Hormones Light Mechanical touch Neurotransmitters Odorants

石河子大学：《实验诊断学》课程教学资源（PPT课件讲稿）常用肾脏功能实验室检测、肝脏病常用的实验室检查、临床常用生物化学检查、临床病原体检测

1. Living matter is composed mostly of the lighter elements 1.1 The composition of living matter is strikingly different from that of its physical environment(1810s) 1.2 The elements found in living organisms also exist in nature(especially in seawater and atmosphere)

1. Biomembranes are organized, sheetlike assemblies consisting mainly of proteins and lipids 1.1 The functions carried out by membranes are diverse and indispensable for life. 1.1.1 Biomembranes give cells their individuality by separating them from the environment