Kappa Light-Chain Gene Rearrangement the vertebrate immune system is its ability to respond to an apparently limitless array of for eign antigens As immunoglobulin(Ig)sequence data accu- a Genetic Model Compatible with Ig Structure mulated, virtually every antibody molecule studied was found to contain a unique amino acid sequence in its vari a Multigene Organization

一、微生物疾病的诊断  病症观察  显微镜检查  生物化学检验  微生物培养  免疫学技术  分子生物学方法 二、微生物疾病的治疗 三、微生物疾病的预防

第一节 BCR、TCR基因结构和发生重排的一般特点 第二节 多样性产生的机制 第三节 BCR 基因表达的一些特点

一、细菌的分布 (一)细菌在自然界的分布 1.土壤(最多) (1)分布:距地面10~20cm的土壤中最多。 (2)与人类的关系

cell receptor when complexed with MHC,are called antigens. The molecular properties of antigens and he way in which these properties ultimately contribute to immune activation are central to our understanding of the mmune system. This chapter describes some of the molecu- Complementarity of Interacting Surfaces of Antibody(left) lar features of antigens recognized by B or T cells. The chap and Antigen(rig ter also explores the contribution made to immunogenicity by the biological system of the host; ultimately the biological system determines whether a molecule that combines with a a Immunogenicity Versus Antigenicity Bor T cells antigen-binding receptor can then induce an im

realized that the immune system could go awry and, instead of reacting against foreign antigens, could focus its attack on self-antigens. He termed this con- dition\horror autotoxicus \We now understand that while mechanisms of self-tolerance normally protect an individual from potentially self-reactive lymphocytes, there are failures They result in an inappropriate response of the immune system against self-components termed autoimmunity In the 1960s, it was believed that all self-reactive lymphocytes

细菌对宿主能引起疾病的性能称为致病性。 一、细菌的致病性 细菌的致病性是针对确定的宿主而言。细菌的致病性包括细菌对宿主引 起疾病的性能和对宿主致病能力大小两个方面的含义。病原菌的致病性与其 本身的毒力、侵入数量和侵入途径有着密切的关系

一、实验目的 1.验证细菌在外界环境和正常人体的分布,树立严格的无菌与无菌操作 的观念。 2.认识常用的消毒灭菌器,并掌握常用消毒灭菌器及滤菌器的使用方法

immunology, refers to the act of transferring cells, tissues, or organs from one site to another. The desire to accomplish transplants stems from the realization that many diseases can be cured by implantation of a healthy organ, tissue, or cells(a graft)from one individual (the donor)to another in need of the transplant(the recipient or

细菌与其他生物细胞一样,不断从外界环境中获得营养,合成自身细胞 成分并获得能量,同时不断排除废物,完成新陈代谢,得以生长繁殖