1. Floquet-Bloch 定理 粒子在周期性势场中运动时，它的状态介于束缚态与非束缚态之间，而能谱具有能带式的结构。以 一维情况为例，周期性势场指的是：

1、设粒子的归一化波函数为(x,y2),求 (1)在(xx+dx)范围内找到粒子的几率; (2)在(y,y2)范围内找到粒子的几率; (3)在(x1,x2)及(1=2)范围内找到粒子的几率

1．基本的和导出的力学量算符 我们在§1.1 中已经引入了用算符来代表力学量的概念。 算符就是可以作用于波函数把它变成另一个函数的运算。所以，在本质上，算符属于“函数变换” 这一类的数学对象

Nobel lecture december 12, 1933 On passing through an optical instrument, such as a telescope or a camera lens, a ray of light is subjec reflecting surface. The path of the rays can be constructed if we know the two simple laws which govern the changes in direction: the law of refrac- tion which was discovered by Snellius a few hundred years ago, and the law of reflection with which Archimedes was familiar more than 2,000 years ago

1．碱金属原子的 Hamiltonian 碱金属原子有一个价电子，它在原子实（原子核加上内层满壳电子）的影响下运动，所受到的势场 可以用一个屏蔽 Coulomb 场 V r( ) 来描写

1．带有自旋的电子在电磁场中的 Hamiltonian 实验证明，在外磁场中，原子的能级会发生分裂，结果是原子的特征谱线也发生分裂，这称为 Zeeman 效应。理论的解释是：电子的磁矩和外磁场产生了附加的相互作用能

When in 1920 I resumed my studies of theoretical physics which had long been interrupted by circumstances beyond my control, I was far from the idea that my studies would bring me several years later to receive such a higl and envied prize as that awarded by the Swedish Academy of Sciences each year to a scientist: the Nobel Prize for Physics. What at that time drew me towards theoretical physics was not the hope that such a high distinction

That streams of electrons possess the properties of beams of waves was dis- covered early in 1927 in a large industrial laboratory in the midst of a great city, and in a small university laboratory overlooking a cold and desolate sea. The coincidence seems the more striking when one remembers that facil- ities for making this discovery had been in constant use in laboratories throughout the world for more than a quarter of a century. And yet the coincidence was not, in fact, in any way remarkable. Discoveries in physics are made when the time for making them is ripe, and not before; the stage is set, the time is ripe, and the event occurs-more often than not at widely separated places at almost the same moment

The events leading to the discovery of tunnelling supercurrents took place while I was working as a research student at the Royal Society Mond Labo- ratory, Cambridge, under the supervision of Professor Brian Pippard. During my second year as a research student, in 1961-2, we were fortunate to have as a visitor to the laboratory Professor Phil Anderson, who has made numerous

Nobel Lecture, June 2, 1920 The genesis and present state of development of the quantum theory If i take it correctly that the duty imposed upon me today is to give a public lecture on my writings, then i believe that this task, the importance of which i am well aware through the gratitude felt towards the noble-minded founder of our Foundation, cannot be more suitably fulfilled than by my trying to give you the story of the origin of the quantum theory in broad outlines and to couple with this, a picture in a small frame of the development of this theory up