Lecture 28: Substitution and Ellipsis 1 Substitution 1.1 Definition Substitution is a grammatical device for avoiding repetition and achieving textual cohesion. There are three kinds of substitution: nominal substitution, verbal substitution, and clausal substitution, and therefore there are three kinds of substitutes: nominal substitutes, verbal substitutes, and clausal substitutes. In addition, there are adverbial substitution and adverbial substitutes