Lecture 29: Postponement, Fronting and Inversion 后置( Postponement) ■后置是一种表示强调的语法手段,也就是把一个非句尾成分移 至句尾。 旧信息 Old Information)和新信息 New Information),句尾焦 点( End focus)和句尾重心( End weight): ■一个句子所传递的信息通常由两部分构成:旧信息/已知信息 ( Given/ Known information)+新信息 ■前者是指说话人认为或者假定对方已经了解的信息,这是信息 传递的出发点,通常由句子的主语表示。 后者是信息传递的重点,通常由句子的谓语表示,而新信息中 最关键的部分又通常出现在句尾,即信息焦点( nformation Focus),又叫句尾焦点 主语作为句子信息传递的出发点,在结构上通常比较简短,而 谓语作为信息传递的着重点,通常较长,较复杂,这种句构特 征叫做“句尾重心
Lecture 29: Postponement, Fronting and Inversion ◼ 后置(Postponement) ◼ 后置是一种表示强调的语法手段，也就是把一个非句尾成分移 至句尾。 ◼ 旧信息(Old Information)和新信息(New Information) ，句尾焦 点(End Focus)和句尾重心(End Weight): ◼ 一个句子所传递的信息通常由两部分构成 ：旧信息/已知信息 (Given/Known Information)+新信息。 ◼ 前者是指说话人认为或者假定对方已经了解的信息，这是信息 传递的出发点，通常由句子的主语表示。 ◼ 后者是信息传递的重点，通常由句子的谓语表示，而新信息中 最关键的部分又通常出现在句尾，即信息焦点(Information Focus)，又叫句尾焦点。 ◼ 主语作为句子信息传递的出发点，在结构上通常比较简短，而 谓语作为信息传递的着重点，通常较长，较复杂，这种句构特 征叫做“句尾重心
■根据“句尾重心”原则,在造句时要注意句子结构匀称,避免 头重脚轻的现象 That the president will visit rok has been reported by CCt It has been reported that the president will visit roK. 关键词语的后置 由于“句尾焦点”和“句尾重心”的关系,在组词成句时往往 将说话人认为最重要的内容置于句尾,使其处于突出的地位, 这种语法手段叫做“后置”。例如: He give me a book He give a book to me 前者的侧重点在 a book,适合于回答 What did he give you?后者侧 重在me,适合于回答 Who did he give the book to? ■更多例句参看教材第673-674页
◼ 根据“句尾重心” 原则，在造句时要注意句子结构匀称，避免 头重脚轻的现象。 ◼ That the president will visit ROK has been reported by CCTV. ◼ It has been reported that the president will visit ROK. ◼ 关键词语的后置 ◼ 由于“句尾焦点”和“句尾重心”的关系，在组词成句时往往 将说话人认为最重要的内容置于句尾，使其处于突出的地位， 这种语法手段叫做“后置”。例如： ◼ He give me a book. ◼ He give a book to me. ◼ 前者的侧重点在a book, 适合于回答What did he give you?后者侧 重在me，适合于回答Who did he give the book to? ◼ 更多例句参看教材第673-674页
■前置( Fronting)与倒装( Inversion) 定义 ■把在正常词序中通常较晚出现的成分移至句首,使之 处于突出的位置,从而受到特殊强调,这种语法手段 叫做前置。使用前置手段表示强调,有时不必改变词 序,有时则引起倒装。 口谓语动词放在主语之前的这种语法现象称为倒装。从 倒装的形式来看,可分为全部倒装( full inversion)和部 分倒装 partial Inversion 两种。前者是指整个谓语置于 主语之前,而后者仅是指助动词、情态动词或be动词 等功能置于主语这前
◼ 前置(Fronting)与倒装(Inversion) ◼ 定义 ◼ 把在正常词序中通常较晚出现的成分移至句首，使之 处于突出的位置，从而受到特殊强调，这种语法手段 叫做前置。使用前置手段表示强调，有时不必改变词 序，有时则引起倒装。 ◼ 谓语动词放在主语之前的这种语法现象称为倒装。从 倒装的形式来看，可分为全部倒装(full inversion)和部 分倒装(partial inversion)两种。前者是指整个谓语置于 主语之前，而后者仅是指助动词、情态动词或be 动词 等功能置于主语这前
引起倒装的情况多种多样,倒装的表现形式大体有下列几种: 在疑问句中 How are you getting along with your work? Is this report written in detail? 注:如疑问词作主语或者作定语修饰主语时,不发生倒装。如: Who should be responsible for the increasingly serious environmental pollution? Whose book is this? What is your name? a Which room belongs to you? 2.在 there be及其类似结构中 There are forty students in our class There seem to be still some elements undiscovered yet There stands a bridge across the river
◼ 引起倒装的情况多种多样，倒装的表现形式大体有下列几种： ◼ 1．在疑问句中 ◼ How are you getting along with your work? ◼ Is this report written in detail? ◼ 注：如疑问词作主语或者作定语修饰主语时，不发生倒装。如： ◼ Who should be responsible for the increasingly serious environmental pollution? ◼ Whose book is this? ◼ What is your name? ◼ Which room belongs to you? ◼ 2．在there be 及其类似结构中 ◼ There are forty students in our class. ◼ There seem to be still some elements undiscovered yet. ◼ There stands a bridge across the river
■3.在表示祝愿的句子中 ong live the People's republic of china May you succeed 在省略的虚拟语气条件状语从句中 这类句子中有were,had, should等词时,把were,had或 should置于 句首。 Were there no air or water there would be no life in the world a Had you been more careful, such spelling mistakes might have been avoide ed 5.在so,nor, neither或 no more开头的句子中 此类句子通常表示前面一句话中的谓语所说明的情况,也适用 于另一句中的主语。例如: u This problem is not difficult and neither is that one a Coal is under the ground in some places, and so is oil
◼ 3．在表示祝愿的句子中 ◼ Long live the People’s Republic of China! ◼ May you succeed! ◼ 4．在省略if的虚拟语气条件状语从句中 ◼ 这类句子中有were, had, should等词时，把were, had或should置于 句首。 ◼ Were there no air or water, there would be no life in the world. ◼ Had you been more careful, such spelling mistakes might have been avoided. ◼ 5．在so, nor, neither或no more开头的句子中 ◼ 此类句子通常表示前面一句话中的谓语所说明的情况，也适用 于另一句中的主语。例如： ◼ This problem is not difficult and neither is that one. ◼ Coal is under the ground in some places, and so is oil
6.在以具有否定意义的副词、连词及词组开头的句子中 ■这些词和词组通常有: rarely, never, scarcely, no sooner, little, few, hardly, seldom, at no ti me, In no way, on no account, nowhere, nobody, not only等。例 如 a Visit our stores. Nowhere else will you find such magnificent ba argains Hardly had he finished his work when the telephone rang Not only did he complain about the food he also refused to pay for it Little did we think his speech had made so deep an impression on his audience 7.在强调表语时 Worst of all were the humiliations ■ Such is the case
◼ 6．在以具有否定意义的副词、连词及词组开头的句子中 ◼ 这些词和词组通常有： rarely, never, scarcely, no sooner, little, few, hardly, seldom, at no ti me, in no way, on no account, nowhere, nobody, not only等。例 如： ◼ Visit our stores. Nowhere else will you find such magnificent bargains. ◼ Hardly had he finished his work when the telephone rang. ◼ Not only did he complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it. ◼ Little did we think his speech had made so deep an impression on his audience. ◼ 7．在强调表语时 ◼ Worst of all were the humiliations. ◼ Such is the case
8.在强调宾语时 Still greater contributions should we make to our socialist construction Useful chemical fertilizer can we make from the waste liquid 9.在强调状语时 (1)当句首状语为方位词或拟声词,谓语动词为go,come等表示 位置转移的动词时句子须倒装。例如: p went the plane In came the chairman and the meeting began 注:如果主语是代词则不发生全倒装。例如: Out they rushed! Lower and lower he bent (2)当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时,句子须倒装。例如: Round the corner walked a large policeman a Under the table was lying a half-conscious young man
◼ 8．在强调宾语时 ◼ Still greater contributions should we make to our socialist construction. ◼ Useful chemical fertilizer can we make from the waste liquid. ◼ 9．在强调状语时 ◼ (1)当句首状语为方位词或拟声词，谓语动词为go, come等表示 位置转移的动词时句子须倒装。例如： ◼ Up went the plane. ◼ In came the chairman and the meeting began. ◼ 注：如果主语是代词则不发生全倒装。例如： ◼ Out they rushed! ◼ Lower and lower he bent. ◼ (2) 当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时，句子须倒装。例如： ◼ Round the corner walked a large policeman. ◼ Under the table was lying a half-conscious young man
(3)当句首状语由“ony+副词”,“ony+介词词组” “only+状语从句”构成时,句子须倒装。例如: Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing a Only because there were some cancelled bookings did he get some ti ckets (4)当句首状语为here, there,now,then等时,句子须倒装,主语 是代词时,句子不用倒装。例如 Here is a ticket for you Now comes your turn Here he comes (5)以关联词s0(tha开头的句子中,句子须倒装。例如: So small was the mark that i could hardly see it So much does he worry about his financial position that he cant fall asleep at night 注:在该结构中,“s0+形容词”是表语的前置;“s0+副词” 是状语的前置
◼ (3)当句首状语由“only +副词”，“only +介词词组”， “only +状语从句”构成时，句子须倒装。例如： ◼ Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing. ◼ Only because there were some cancelled bookings did he get some ti ckets. ◼ (4)当句首状语为here, there, now, then等时，句子须倒装，主语 是代词时，句子不用倒装。例如： ◼ Here is a ticket for you. ◼ Now comes your turn. ◼ Here he comes. ◼ (5)以关联词so (…that)开头的句子中，句子须倒装。例如： ◼ So small was the mark that I could hardly see it. ◼ So much does he worry about his financial position that he can’t fall asleep at night. ◼ 注：在该结构中，“so +形容词”是表语的前置；“so +副词” 是状语的前置
■10.在直接引语之后 在叙事性书面语中,直接引语后常跟 t asked mary, answered John, said the old lady, grunted Peter之类的词语。在这些词语中,动词 常在主语之前,主语是代词时,不用倒装。例如 What do you mean asked henry What do you mean? he asked 1. often, many a time等表示频度的状语置于句首时 a Often did they think of going there, but they never had a chance 12.在as, though引导的让步状语从句中 ■在as, though引导的让步状语从句中,一般将形容词、副词或名 词等置于句首。例如: Small as the atom is we can smash it a Big as the work-piece is, it is turned out to be finished
◼ 10．在直接引语之后 ◼ 在叙事性书面语中，直接引语后常跟asked Mary, answered John, said the old lady, grunted Peter之类的词语。在这些词语中，动词 常在主语之前，主语是代词时，不用倒装。例如： ◼ “What do you mean?” asked Henry. ◼ “What do you mean?” he asked. ◼ 11. often, many a time等表示频度的状语置于句首时 ◼ Often did they think of going there, but they never had a chance. ◼ 12．在as, though引导的让步状语从句中 ◼ 在as, though引导的让步状语从句中，一般将形容词、副词或名 词等置于句首。例如： ◼ Small as the atom is, we can smash it. ◼ Big as the work-piece is, it is turned out to be finished
Exercise for Inversion s Microsoft Word 文档
Exercise for Inversion