Lecture 19: Conjunctions 口连词是用来连接句子中的单词、短语及从句的虚词。 在句子中不能单独作句子成分,一般不重读,在英语 中连词的使用频率较高。 ■连词的分类 ■L.并列连词 用来连接语法作用相同的或平行的词、短语或从句。 a and, or, nor, but, yet, So, hence, therefore, for, as well as either.or, neither.. nor, and then, not only. but also both..and等等 表并列或附加关系的连词and,both.and.,whil not only. but also ., also, as well, as well as, and then esides
Lecture 19: Conjunctions ◼ 连词是用来连接句子中的单词、短语及从句的虚词。 在句子中不能单独作句子成分，一般不重读，在英语 中连词的使用频率较高。 ◼ 连词的分类 ◼ I. 并列连词 ◼ 用来连接语法作用相同的或平行的词、短语或从句。 ◼ and, or, nor, but, yet, so, hence, therefore, for, as well as, either… or, neither… nor, and then, not only…but also, both… and 等等。 ◼ 1．表并列或附加关系的连词 and, both…and…, while, not only…but also…, also, as well, as well as, and then, besides
and Fa]: A friend of mine came to see me yesterday and we had dinner together He and his classmates are all busy working on their essays Here is a pen and pencil for you 注 (1)表示配套的,和.一同的,常见的有 bread and butter. a needle and thread, bacon and eggs,hide-and-seek(捉迷藏,give-and-take(互让,妥协,交换)等。 (2)口语中用于come,go,try等动词后表目的,如 a Go and get the door, will you? Come and see it Try and get here before 10 am Wait and see (3)起补充说明和强调作用,如: You and only you can help me now (4)表示接连,重复,如: The Spring Festival draws nearer and nearer (5)表对比,如: John is always quiet and Tom is al ways noisy ■(6)表结果,如 Work hard and you ll succeed He was ill and took some medicine
◼ and ◼ 例句：A friend of mine came to see me yesterday and we had dinner together. ◼ He and his classmates are all busy working on their essays. ◼ Here is a pen and pencil for you. ◼ 注: ◼ (1) 表示配套的，和...一同的, 常见的有 bread and butter, a needle and thread, bacon and eggs, hide–and–seek(捉迷藏), give–and–take(互让, 妥协, 交换)等。 ◼ (2) 口语中用于come, go, try 等动词后表目的，如： ◼ Go and get the door, will you? ◼ Come and see it. ◼ Try and get here before 10 a.m.. ◼ Wait and see. ◼ (3) 起补充说明和强调作用，如：You and only you can help me now. ◼ (4) 表示接连，重复，如:The Spring Festival draws nearer and nearer. ◼ (5) 表对比，如：John is always quiet and Tom is always noisy. ◼ (6) 表结果，如： ◼ Work hard, and you’llsucceed.. ◼ He was ill and took some medicine
both . and WFl a]: Both Phil and Helen were involved in this case We have offices both in Canada and in Japan ■ while Bi'a]: While at college he was very active in the student'sunion We waited while he had a meeting not only .. but also 例句: She speaks not only English but Japanese We not only heard it but also saw it He is not only a lecturer but also a writer 注: not only.but.. as well, not only.but.,与 not only. but also相似。 ■also 1例句: Our monitor can sing and also dance The overcoat is warm, also light 注: and also与之相似, n This machine is heavy, and also useless
◼ both… and… ◼ 例句：Both Phil and Helen were involved in this case. ◼ We have offices both in Canada and in Japan. ◼ while ◼ 例句：While at college, he was very active in the student’s union. ◼ We waited while he had a meeting. ◼ not only … but also ◼ 例句：She speaks not only English but Japanese. ◼ We not only heard it but also saw it. ◼ He is not only a lecturer but also a writer. ◼ 注：not only… but … as well, not only…but…, 与not only…but also相似。 ◼ also ◼ 例句：Our monitor can sing and also dance. ◼ The overcoat is warm, also light. ◼ 注：and also 与之相似， ◼ 如：This machine is heavy, and also useless
as well 例句: We can do it as well gave him money and advice as well as well as 例句: He has experience as well as knowledge Hiking is good exercise as well as fun ■ and then a bi]: You must ask tom to the party and then there's Jerry-don't forget him a I like doing part-time job, and then it helps me gain some experience besides 例句:Idon' t want to go; besides,I' m too tired a He is very considerate; besides, he is very helpful
◼ as well ◼ 例句：We can do it as well. ◼ I gave him money and advice as well. ◼ as well as ◼ 例句：He has experience as well as knowledge. ◼ Hiking is good exercise as well as fun. ◼ and then ◼ 例句：You must ask Tom to the party, and then there’s Jerry – don’t forget him. ◼ I like doing part-time job, and then it helps me gain some experience. ◼ besides ◼ 例句：I don’t want to go; besides, I’m too tired. ◼ He is very considerate; besides, he is very helpful
2.表选择关系的连词 则, otherwise, or otherwise或相hr.,n0r., neither, or else否 or. either. or .. whether. or or F]: Are you going there alone or with some friends? Which do you prefer, tea or coffee 注 (1)用于否定句表“也不”,如: My father never smokes or drinks ■(2)表“否则”“要不然”,如: Study hard, or you' ll fail in the exam either · or Fia]: Most aircraft accidents occur at either take-off or landing Either you or i am to blame Thether.. or ■例句: Every one of you, whether old or young, poor or rich, have equal opportunity to meet challenge Whether I can get it or not is not very important, the point is i just want to have a
◼ 2. 表选择关系的连词 ◼ or, either…or…, whether…or…, neither…nor…, neither, or else否 则, otherwise, or otherwise或相反 ◼ or ◼ 例句：Are you going there alone or with some friends? ◼ Which do you prefer, tea or coffee? ◼ 注： ◼ (1) 用于否定句表“也不” ，如：My father never smokes or drinks. ◼ (2) 表“否则”“要不然”，如：Study hard, or you’ll fail in the exam. ◼ either… or… ◼ 例句：Most aircraft accidents occur at either take-off or landing. ◼ Either you or I am to blame. ◼ whether… or… ◼ 例句：Every one of you, whether old or young, poor or rich, have equal opportunity to meet challenge. ◼ Whether I can get it or not is not very important, the point is I just want to have a try
neither.. nor ■例句: Neither his parents nor he was there at that time a good teacher must be neither too strict nor too weak neither 例句: Neither answer is correct In neither case was a decision made or else 例句: Come on, or else we'll miss the train The reference book must be here, or else you ve lost it otherwise B]: Go home early-otherwise you parents will worry You must study hard otherwise you will not be able to learn english well or otherwise Fa]: Fine or otherwise we shall have to go. =whether it is fine or not We ll get there somehow, by bus or otherwise
◼ neither… nor ◼ 例句：Neither his parents nor he was there at that time. ◼ A good teacher must be neither too strict nor too weak. ◼ neither… ◼ 例句：Neither answer is correct. ◼ In neither case was a decision made. ◼ or else ◼ 例句：Come on, or else we’ll miss the train. ◼ The reference book must be here, or else you’ve lost it. ◼ otherwise ◼ 例句：Go home early – otherwise you parentswill worry. ◼ You must study hard; otherwise you will not be able to learn English well. ◼ or otherwise ◼ 例句：Fine or otherwise, we shall have to go.= Whether it is fine or not. ◼ We ’ll get there somehow, by bus or otherwise
■3.表转折关系的连词but, however,yet;, whereas nevertheless/nonetheless on the one hand . on the other hand but FF]: This book is very expensive but very useful They met great difficulties but they didnt give up hope however FF A]: The room is small for us. However, it is very comfortable a I d like to go with you; however, I think Id better not ■vet Fia]: Over 1,000 students took part in the test, yet only 20 passed a She is always quiet, yet she cant help crying out loudly when she heard the news
◼ 3. 表转折关系的连词 but, however, yet, whereas, nevertheless/nonetheless, on the one hand…on the other hand ◼ but ◼ 例句：This book is very expensive but very useful. ◼ They met great difficulties but they didn’t give up hope. ◼ however ◼ 例句：The room is small for us. However, it is very comfortable. ◼ I’d like to go with you; however, I think I’d better not. ◼ yet ◼ 例句：Over 1,000 students took part in the test, yet only 20 passed. ◼ She is always quiet, yet she can’t help crying out loudly when she heard the news
■ whereas 例句: All of us are busy, whereas he is lazy Some people love him, whereas others hate him nevertheless/nonetheless ■例句: He was very tired, nevertheless he kept working far into the night He failed this time nevertheless he has confidence to win next time on the one hand on the other hand 例句:“ On the one hand I dont like English very much, but on the other hand i have to pass College english Test band Four in order to graduate, said the boy a On the one hand it rarely rains in the desert, but on the other hand it rain a lot in the coastal areas
◼ whereas ◼ 例句：All of us are busy, whereas he is lazy. ◼ Some people love him, whereas others hate him. ◼ nevertheless/nonetheless ◼ 例句：He was very tired, nevertheless he kept working far into the night. ◼ He failed this time, nevertheless he has confidence to win next time. ◼ on the one hand…on the other hand ◼ 例句：“On the one hand I don’t like English very much, but on the other hand I have to pass College English Test Band ◼ Four in order to graduate,” said the boy. ◼ On the one hand it rarely rains in the desert, but on the other hand it rain a lot in the coastal areas
4.表因果关系的连词so, therefore,for,hene ■So Fsi]: He set the alarm on his watch so he wouldnt oversleep I had a toothache, so I went to the dentist this morning th erefore FF A]: He is ill, and therefore can not come for class today These wild animals are very rare and therefore protected by law f or Bi]: I must be off now, for my parents are expecting me You'd better take your umbrella with you, for it is going to rain 注:for用于连接两个句子时,通常须用逗号隔开,以免误解为 介词。 ■ hence v a]: The town was built near a bridge on the River Cam: hence the name Cambridge The new secretary was caught stealing and hence must be fired
◼ 4. 表因果关系的连词 so, therefore, for, hence ◼ so ◼ 例句：He set the alarm on his watch so he wouldn’t oversleep. ◼ I had a toothache, so I went to the dentist this morning. ◼ therefore ◼ 例句：He is ill, and therefore can not come for class today. ◼ These wild animals are very rare and therefore protected by law. ◼ for ◼ 例句：I must be off now, for my parents are expecting me. ◼ You’d better take your umbrella with you, for it is going to rain. ◼ 注：for 用于连接两个句子时，通常须用逗号隔开，以免误解为 介词。 ◼ hence ◼ 例句：The town was built near a bridge on the River Cam: hence the name Cambridge. ◼ The new secretary was caught stealing and hence must be fired
I.从属连词 用于引导从句(定语从句,状语从句,名词从句),以构成句 子的一个部分或者修饰句子的构成要素 1.引导名词从句的连词that,if, whether,what, which,when, where, why, how, who, whose, whom 例句: It is certain that you will succeed We have just heard the news that our team had won the football match 注: (1)that从句作主语时,that不能省略。 (2)在 certain,sure, pleased,gad,sory等词后的that- clause为名词从句 (3)可以用that从句作直接宾语的及物动词有:hope,wish, expect, regret doubt, admit, deny, prove, say, hear, see, notice, know, understand, think, regret decide, report, explain, requre, propose等等,如: It seems that you are sick today. You seem to be sick today It is said that he is our new boss. he is said to be our new boss
◼ II. 从属连词 ◼ 用于引导从句（定语从句，状语从句，名词从句），以构成句 子的一个部分或者修饰句子的构成要素。 ◼ 1. 引导名词从句的连词 that, if, whether, what, which, when, where, why, how, who, whose, whom ◼ that ◼ 例句：It is certain that you will succeed. ◼ We have just heard the news that our team had won the football match. ◼ 注： ◼ （1）that从句作主语时，that 不能省略。 ◼ （2）在certain,sure, pleased, glad, sorry 等词后的that-clause为名词从句。 ◼ （3）可以用that从句作直接宾语的及物动词有：hope, wish, expect, regret, doubt, admit, deny, prove, say, hear, see, notice, know, understand, think, regret, decide, report, explain,require, propose等等，如： ◼ It seems that you are sick today. = You seem to be sick today. ◼ It is said that he is our new boss. = He is said to be our new boss