Lecture 24: Attributive clause ■定语从句关系分句( Attributive/ Relative clauses 在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰 的名词词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出 现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系 副词)引出 关系代词有:who,whom, whose,that, which等 关系副词有:when, where,why等 ■1关系代词引导的定语从句 ■关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代 词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分, 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动 词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致
Lecture 24: Attributive Clause ◼ 定语从句/关系分句（Attributive/Relative Clauses） 在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰 的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出 现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系 副词）引出。 ◼ 关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。 ◼ 关系副词有：when, where, why等。 ◼ 1 关系代词引导的定语从句 ◼ 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代 词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动 词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致
■1)who,whom,that 这些词代替先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下 Is he the man who/ that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语) He is the man whom/ that i saw yesterday 他就是我昨天见的那个人。( whom/that在从句中作宾语) 注意: i.who的前行词必须是人,在从句中可以担任主语,往往也可 以代替在从句中担任宾语的whom,但是它前边不能有介词,如 果带了介词就必须用宾格的whom(介词+whom) This is the teacher who teaches us mathematics She is the girl who(whom) I met at the party.(可以替代) She is the girl whom(who) I went there with.(可以替代) a She is the girl with whom I went there (不可替代)
◼ 1）who, whom, that ◼ 这些词代替先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下： ◼ Is he the man who/that wants to see you? ◼ 他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语） ◼ He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. ◼ 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语） ◼ 注意： ◼ i. who 的前行词必须是人，在从句中可以担任主语，往往也可 以代替在从句中担任宾语的whom, 但是它前边不能有介词，如 果带了介词就必须用宾格的whom（介词+whom） ◼ This is the teacher who teaches us mathematics. ◼ She is the girl who (whom) I met at the party. （可以替代） ◼ She is the girl whom (who) I went there with. （可以替代） ◼ She is the girl with whom I went there. （不可替代）
i.who,that在很多情况下可以通用,但是有些情况只能用who: A.先行词是one,ones, anyone的时候宜用who a One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth The ones who flatter me dont please me Don t tell anyone about the news who oughtn tto know it Anyone who fails to finish the task given should be criticized B.先行词为 those的时候,宜用who为关系代词 Those who were not fit for their work could not see the beautiful clothes made of the magic cloth Those who want to go to the great Wall sign up here C.当先行词有比较长的后置定语的时候 I met a foreigner in the street yesterday who could asked me questions in chinese D.一个句子中带有两个定语从句,其中一个定语从句的关系代词为that,另一 个则用who The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard E.在 there be开头的句子中 There is an old man who wants to see you a There are many young men who are against him
◼ ii. who，that在很多情况下可以通用，但是有些情况只能用who: ◼ A. 先行词是one, ones, anyone的时候宜用who. ◼ One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth. ◼ The ones who flatter me don’t please me. ◼ Don’t tell anyone about the news who oughtn’tto know it. ◼ Anyone who fails to finish the task given should be criticized. ◼ B. 先行词为those的时候，宜用who为关系代词 ◼ Those who were not fit for their work could not see the beautiful clothes made of the magic cloth. ◼ Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here. ◼ C. 当先行词有比较长的后置定语的时候 ◼ I met a foreigner in the street yesterday who could asked me questionsin Chinese. ◼ D. 一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词为that,另一 个则用who. ◼ The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard. ◼ E. 在there be 开头的句子中 ◼ There is an old man who wants to see you. ◼ There are many young men who are against him
2) whose用来指人或物,(只用作定语,若指物,它还可以同of which互换),例如: a They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. Is 人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。 ■ Please pass me the book whose( of which) cover is green.请递给我 那本绿皮的书。 3)which, that ■它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语 宾语等,例如: a prosperity which that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。( which/that在句中作 宾语) The package (which that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。( which/that在句中作宾语)
◼ 2) whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换), 例如： ◼ They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那 人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 ◼ Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我 那本绿皮的书。 ◼ 3) which, that ◼ 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、 宾语等，例如： ◼ A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作 宾语） ◼ The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语)
关系代词that和 which的用法比较 关系代词that和 which均可指代先行词是事物的名词或代词,此 时两者可互换,但有时that和 which的使用场合并不相同。具体 介绍如下 关系代词that的使用 先行词是 all, anything, everything, nothing等关系代词应用that That's all that i know 2.先行词前有 the only, the same, the very或no,litl,much,any, every,al等修饰时,关系代词应用that a This is the only reason that i can say 3先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,关系代词常用that The first thing that we should do is to help him 4当先行词同时含有"人"或"物"时,关系代词应用that Can you see a man and his horse that are crossing the bridge?
◼ 关系代词 that 和which 的用法比较 ◼ 关系代词that和which均可指代先行词是事物的名词或代词，此 时两者可互换，但有时that和which的使用场合并不相同。具体 介绍如下: ◼ 关系代词that的使用 ◼ 1.先行词是all, anything, everything, nothing等,关系代词应用that ◼ That's all that I know. ◼ 2.先行词前有the only, the same, the very或no, little, much, any, every, all等修饰时,关系代词应用that ◼ This is the only reason that I can say. ◼ 3.先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,关系代词常用that ◼ The first thing that we should do is to help him. ◼ 4.当先行词同时含有"人"或"物"时,关系代词应用that ◼ Can you see a man and his horse that are crossing the bridge?
5.在固定结构 the same.that.;so.that.;such.that.以及i is/was.that.的强调句型中,须用that This is the same museum that you once visited 6如主句以 there be开头时,关系代词应用that There is a house that has two windows 7当一个句子中含有两个定语从句时,如前一个已用关系代词 which,后一个关系代词宜用that,避免重复?但两个定语从句的结 构如果平行,应重复同一个关系代词 I'll borrow a book which tells about the heroic deeds that the pla did in the battles against the invaders he told me to read a book that is very short and that is very Interesting 8.that还可引导同位语从句,whch则不能 He told me the news that they would come to see me
◼ 5. 在固定结构 the same...that...; so...that...; such...that... 以 及 it is/was...that...的强调句型中,须用that ◼ This is the same museum that you once visited. ◼ 6.如主句以there be开头时,关系代词应用that ◼ There is a house that has two windows. ◼ 7.当一个句子中含有两个定语从句时,如前一个已用关系代词 which,后一个关系代词宜用that, 避免重复?但两个定语从句的结 构如果平行,应重复同一个关系代词 ◼ I'll borrow a book which tells about the heroic deeds that the PLA did in the battles against the invaders. ◼ He told me to read a book that is very short, and that is very interesting. ◼ 8. that还可引导同位语从句,which则不能 ◼ He told me the news that they would come to see me
关系代词whch的使用 非限制性定语从句中关系代词一般要用 which She was awarded a gold medal which the whole family considered a great honor 2关系代词前如有介词关系代词须用 which?如把介词移至句末,可用that(或省 略 There's only one problem about which they disagree This is the book( that )she was looking for 3如果先行词是that,关系代词应用 which I have that which you gave me 4如先行词和定语从句之间被其它较长的成分分隔常用 which Larry told her the story of the young airman which i narrated at the beginning of this book(先行词为 story) 5,在 " those+复数形式的名词"结构中,其后的关系代词多用whch i a shop should keep a stock of those goods which sell best 6.一个句子中如有两个定语从句第一个定语从句用了关系代词that,第二个 从句中的关系代词宜用 which,但在平行结构中,应重复同一个关系代词 This is the book that you bought which you have lost I have a house which is located on the hillside which faces the south
◼ 关系代词which的使用 ◼ 1.非限制性定语从句中关系代词一般要用which ◼ She was awarded a gold medal, which the whole family considered a great honor. ◼ 2.关系代词前如有介词,关系代词须用which?如把介词移至句末,可用that (或省 略) ◼ There's only one problemabout which they disagree. ◼ This is the book(that)she was looking for. ◼ 3.如果先行词是that,关系代词应用which ◼ I have that which you gave me. ◼ 4.如先行词和定语从句之间被其它较长的成分分隔,常用which ◼ Larry told her the story of the young airman which I narrated at the beginning of this book. (先行词为story) ◼ 5.在"those+复数形式的名词"结构中,其后的关系代词多用which ◼ A shop should keep a stock of those goods which sell best. ◼ 6.一个句子中如有两个定语从句,第一个定语从句用了关系代词that，第二个 从句中的关系代词宜用which，但在平行结构中,应重复同一个关系代词 ◼ This is the book that you bought which you have lost. ◼ I have a house which is located on the hillside, which faces the south
2关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词 在从句中作状语 a 1)when, where, why ■关系副词when, where,why的含义相当于"介词+ which" 结构,因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用,例如 a There are occasions when(on which) one must yield. E 何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 Beijing is the place where( in which) I was born.北京是 我的出生地。 a Is this the reason why(for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?
◼ 2 关系副词引导的定语从句 ◼ 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词， 在从句中作状语。 ◼ 1)when, where, why ◼ 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which" 结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用，例如： ◼ There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任 何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 ◼ Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是 我的出生地。 ◼ Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
■3判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一:用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语 动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及 物动词则要求用关系副词。例如: This is the mountain village where I stayed last year I'lI never forget the days when i worked together with you 判断改错 (tH This is the mountain village where i visited last year (tE) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside (Xf) This is the mountain village(which) I visited last year (Xf) I'll never forget the days(which)i spent in the countryside ■习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where,when联系在 起。此两题错在关系词的误用上
◼ 3 判断关系代词与关系副词 ◼ 方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语 动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及 物动词则要求用关系副词。例如： ◼ This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. ◼ I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you. ◼ 判断改错: ◼ （错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year. ◼ （错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. ◼ （对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year. ◼ （对） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside. ◼ 习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在 一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上
方法二:准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定 状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。 FF 1. Is this museum you visited a few days age A where B that C. on which D. the one 例2. Is this the museum the exhibition was held A where B that C on which d. the one ■答案:例1D,例2A 例1变为肯定句: This museum is you visited a few days ago 例2变为肯定句: This is the museum the exhibition was held 在句1中,所缺部分为宾语,而 where,that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用, 只有 the one既做了主句的表语,又可做从句的宾语,可以省略关系代词,所 以应选D。 ■而句2中,主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词 where, 又因 in the museum词组,可用介词in+ which引导地点状语。而此题中,介 词on用的不对,所以选A 关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时, 选择关系代词(who,whom,that, which, whose);先行词在从句中做状语时, 应选择关系副词( where地点状语,when时间状语,why原因状语
◼ 方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、 状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。 ◼ 例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age? ◼ A. where B. that C. on which D. the one ◼ 例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held. ◼ A. where B. that C. on which D. the one ◼ 答案：例1 D，例2 A ◼ 例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago. ◼ 例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held. ◼ 在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用， 只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所 以应选D。 ◼ 而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where， 又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介 词on 用的不对，所以选A。 ◼ 关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时， 选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时， 应选择关系副词( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why原因状语)