Lecture 16: Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases 介词的分类 介词是用于名词词组或相当于名词词组的结构之前, 表示词语之间意义关系的词类。英语常用的介词大致 可分为四类: 简单介词 顾名思义,简单介词是指由一个单词构成的介词,也 是使用最频繁的一类介词。简单介词也可能由形容词 副词、分词、名词、连词等转变而来。常用的简单介 词有 at, about, above, across, after, among, against, before, behind, below, beside, between beyond, but, despite, during, except, for, in, of, on, over, near, past, round, since, through, till, unti,with,up等
Lecture 16: Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases ◼ 一、介词的分类 ◼ 介词是用于名词词组或相当于名词词组的结构之前， 表示词语之间意义关系的词类。英语常用的介词大致 可分为四类： ◼ 1．简单介词 ◼ 顾名思义，简单介词是指由一个单词构成的介词，也 是使用最频繁的一类介词。简单介词也可能由形容词、 副词、分词、名词、连词等转变而来。常用的简单介 词有： at，about，above，across，after，among， against，before，behind，below，beside，between， beyond，but，despite，during，except，for，in，of， on，over，near，past， round，since，through，till， until，with，up等
2.合成介词 指由介词+其它介词或副词构成的介词。常用的合成介词有: inside, into, onto, outside, throughout, towards, within without等 3.二重介词 ■指由两个单一的介词并列在一起,作为一个介词使用并表达 个完整意思的介词。常见的二重介词有: from among,from behind, from under, until/ till after等。 4.短语介词 ■指由介词+介词、介词+名词、介词+分词、介词十动词、介 词十形容词、介词+副词等构成的短语,常用的有: according to, along with, in front of, by means of, in spite of, together with, with regard to等。短语介词与介词短语不同。介词短语是 由介词加宾语构成,本身可作句子成分,如定语或状语等,可 单独使用;而短语介词是用作介词的短语,不可独立使用,本 身不能作句子成分,后面要跟名词、动名词或代词等
◼ 2．合成介词 ◼ 指由介词＋其它介词或副词构成的介词。常用的合成介词有： inside，into，onto， outside，throughout，towards，within， without等。 ◼ 3．二重介词 ◼ 指由两个单一的介词并列在一起，作为一个介词使用并表达一 个完整意思的介词。常见的二重介词有：from among，from behind，from under，until ／till after等。 ◼ 4．短语介词 ◼ 指由介词＋介词、介词＋名词、介词＋分词、介词＋动词、介 词＋形容词、介词＋副词等构成的短语，常用的有：according to， along with，in front of，by means of，in spite of，together with，with regard to等。短语介词与介词短语不同。介词短语是 由介词加宾语构成，本身可作句子成分，如定语或状语等，可 单独使用；而短语介词是用作介词的短语，不可独立使用，本 身不能作句子成分，后面要跟名词、动名词或代词等
介词的用法及应注意的问题 介词的搭配与介词的选择 介词不能在句子中独立充当一个成分,而需要与其后面的宾 相结合,成为介词短语,在句中充当一个成分。所以选用什么 介词要根据其后面所接的宾语而定。但是,有时介词也受其前 面用词的限制,因此,许多情况下也应根据介词前面的词选用 相应的介词。 2.介词的宾语 介词的宾语可以是名词、代词或其他词类或句子等。例如: 名词: The car ran into a wall, and two men were killed fia]: Wherever he went, he carried the photo with him 形容词: Your pl olan is far from perfect ■副词: I can't see the tower clearly from here. She came from afar 动名词: He entered the room without taking off his hat 不定式: He did nothing but cry
◼ 二、介词的用法及应注意的问题 ◼ 1．介词的搭配与介词的选择 ◼ 介词不能在句子中独立充当一个成分，而需要与其后面的宾语 相结合，成为介词短语，在句中充当一个成分。所以选用什么 介词要根据其后面所接的宾语而定。但是，有时介词也受其前 面用词的限制，因此，许多情况下也应根据介词前面的词选用 相应的介词。 ◼ 2．介词的宾语 ◼ 介词的宾语可以是名词、代词或其他词类或句子等。例如： ◼ 名词：The car ran into a wall，and two men were killed． ◼ 代词：Wherever he went，he carried the photo with him． ◼ 形容词：Your plan is far from perfect． ◼ 副词：I can't see the tower clearly from here．She came from afar． ◼ 动名词：He entered the room without taking off his hat． ◼ 不定式：He did nothing but cry． 介词短语：She often studies till after midnight．
数词: In nine out often he won 't come 疑问词十不定式: The problem of how to get enough money is difficult to settle 疑问词引导从句: He does not care about who will be promoted that引导的从句: Man differs from other animals in that man can laugh and speak 3.介词的语法功能 介词与其他词类或成分结合后方能在句子中充当语法成分,构 成介词短语。介词短语可以作定语(须后置)、状语、表语、 宾语补足语、另一个介词的宾语,间或作主语等。例如: The skyscraper in the distance is a five-star hotel. (EiE) Her eyes were tired from long reading.(状语) The decision is of great importance to me.(表语) They found the machine in a bad state.(宾语补足语) a pretty girl appeared from behind the curtain.(介词宾语) ■ On purpose or not on purpose is of great difference.(主语)
◼ 数词：In nine out often he won't come． ◼ 疑问词＋不定式：The problem of how to get enough money is difficult to settle． ◼ 疑问词引导从句：He does not care about who will be promoted． ◼ that引导的从句：Man differs from other animals in that man can laugh and speak． ◼ 3．介词的语法功能 ◼ 介词与其他词类或成分结合后方能在句子中充当语法成分，构 成介词短语。介词短语可以作定语（须后置）、状语、表语、 宾语补足语、另一个介词的宾语，间或作主语等。例如： ◼ The skyscraper in the distance is a five-star hotel．（定语） ◼ Her eyes were tired from long reading．（状语） ◼ The decision is of great importance to me．（表语） ◼ They found the machine in a bad state．（宾语补足语） ◼ A pretty girl appeared from behind the curtain．（介词宾语） ◼ On purpose or not on purpose is of great difference．（主语）
、介词的固定搭配 在英语中固定搭配的介词词组和短语介词很多,平时需要加强 记忆。此处讲解几个常见的动词与介词的固定搭配,并且就较 容易混淆的介词搭配进行比较、分辨。 act as担任 act for代理 2. apply to应用于,适合于,向.申请 apply for申请,要求 ■3. belong to属于 belong in住在,应该. belong with应归于(类别,范畴 等) ■4. call on号召,请求,拜访callαt探访(at后接地方) call in请医生, 召集,收集 call to高声唤(某人) ■5. compare with跟…相比较 compare to把.比作,与.相比 6. correspond with与.通信;适合 correspond to相当于 ■7. deal in做生意,经营(= engage In); deal with对付,论及,与.交往 (=cope with 8. play with玩(某物) play at玩(某种游戏) play on玩(某种乐器) 9. suffer from患(病),受.祸患. 10. wait on伺候 wait for等待
◼ 三、介词的固定搭配 ◼ 在英语中固定搭配的介词词组和短语介词很多，平时需要加强 记忆。此处讲解几个常见的动词与介词的固定搭配，并且就较 容易混淆的介词搭配进行比较、分辨。 ◼ 1．act as 担任 act for 代理 ◼ 2．apply to 应用于，适合于，向…申请 apply for 申请，要求 ◼ 3．belong to 属于 belong in住在，应该…belong with 应归于（类别，范畴 等） ◼ 4．call on 号召，请求，拜访 call at 探访（at后接地方） call in 请医生， 召集，收集 call to 高声唤（某人） ◼ 5．compare with 跟…相比较 compare to 把…比作，与…相比 ◼ 6．correspondwith 与…通信；适合 correspond to 相当于 ◼ 7．deal in 做生意，经营（＝engage in）； deal with 对付，论及，与…交往 （＝cope with） ◼ 8．playwith 玩（某物） play at玩（某种游戏） play on 玩（某种乐器） ◼ 9．suffer from 患（病），受…祸患． ◼ 10．wait on 伺候 wait for等待
考试中常出现的介词短语 ■1.WITH (I)v+with (a)v+with begin, mix, agree, deal, fight, meet, play, quarrel, do, fool( fool withIT#), reason(reason with(以理)说服,规劝), correspond( correspond with与..一致,符合与.通信), comply( comply with同意,答应;遵守,服从), settle(settle with与…清算,和和解) (b)v+ sth(sb)+ with sth(sb) compare, provide, supply, feed, replace, combine, equip, furnish (2)adj+ with angry, strict, pleased, busy, covered, satisfied, filled, wrong, wild, crowded, connected, popular, covered, patient, annoyed, acquainted, delighted, confronted, content, friendly identical, frank, concerned, bored, afflicted, associated, blended, burdened, comparable consistent, disappointed, displeased, endowed, enraged, exhausted(be exhausted with..T 疲劳), familiar, gifted, Impatient, infested( be infested with受.侵扰,寄生, intimate, irritated( be irritated with因.而发怒), level, moved, occupied, overcome, popular, satisfied vexed( be vexed with sb for sth为某事对某人发怒) (3)n+with acquaintance( have no acquaintance with不熟悉,不了解), alliance, trouble( be in troubles with.. F24s ), talk, chat, connection, consultation, conversation, sympathy(in sympathy with同情;赞成;和.一致)
◼ 考试中常出现的介词短语 ◼ 1. WITH ◼ (1)v+with ◼ (a) v+with ◼ begin, mix, agree, deal, fight, meet, play, quarrel, do, fool(fool with玩弄), reason(reason with(以理)说服, 规劝), correspond(correspond with与...一致， 符合与. . .通信), comply(comply with同意， 答应； 遵守， 服从), settle(settle with与...清算, 和...和解). ◼ (b) v + sth (sb) + with + sth (sb) ◼ compare, provide, supply, feed, replace, combine, equip, furnish, ◼ (2)adj+with ◼ angry, strict, pleased, busy, covered, satisfied, filled, wrong, wild, crowded, connected, popular, covered, patient, annoyed, acquainted, delighted, confronted, content, friendly, identical, frank, concerned, bored, afflicted, associated, blended, burdened, comparable, consistent, disappointed, displeased, endowed, enraged, exhausted(be exhausted with因...而 疲劳), familiar, gifted, impatient, infested (be infested with受…侵扰，寄生), intimate, irritated(be irritated with因…而发怒), level, moved, occupied, overcome, popular, satisfied, vexed(be vexed with sb for sth为某事对某人发怒) ◼ (3) n+with ◼ acquaintance (have no acquaintance with不熟悉, 不了解), alliance, trouble (be in troubles with和...闹纠纷), talk, chat, connection, consultation, conversation, sympathy (in sympathy with同情; 赞成; 和...一致)
2. AT (I)v+at ■aim, point, snatch( snatch at抓取), wonder, strike( strike at企图打破, 袭击,打击,攻击 work work a t从事,致力于,钻研),look, glance laugh,run( run at冲过去袭击), catch( catch吐t想抓住,渴望获得), shoot, stare, glare, thrust, smile, call( call at打给某人,访问,停靠) fre,tear( tear at撕扯), knock( knock at敲打 ,arrive, come(come at t袭 击,达到,得到到达攻击),gasp(对大吃一惊),pull力拉,大口 喝,猛吸 (2)adj+at amused(以.乐;对.觉得有趣, delighted对.感到高兴, angry因 某事而生气,good, surprised, astonished, pleased, terrified, clever, alarmed被.吓一跳, clumsy, disgusted, Impatient不能忍受, quick敏 锐, startled ()n+at a knock, pull, look, glance, smile, astonishment, surprise, alarm
◼ 2. AT ◼ (1)v+at ◼ aim, point, snatch(snatch at抓取), wonder, strike(strike at企图打破, 袭击, 打击, 攻击), work(work at从事, 致力于, 钻研), look, glance, laugh, run(run at冲过去袭击), catch(catch at想抓住, 渴望获得), shoot, stare, glare, thrust, smile, call(call at打给某人, 访问,停靠), fire, tear(tear at撕扯), knock(knock at敲打), arrive, come(come at袭 击, 达到, 得到,到达,攻击), gasp(对...大吃一惊), pull用力拉, 大口 喝, 猛吸 ◼ (2)adj+at ◼ amused(以...为乐; 对...觉得有趣), delighted对…感到高兴, angry因 某事而生气, good, surprised, astonished, pleased, terrified, clever, alarmed被...吓一跳, clumsy, disgusted, impatient不能忍受, quick敏 锐, startled ◼ (3)n+at ◼ knock, pull, look, glance, smile, astonishment, surprise, alarm
3.IN (I)v+in get进入,到达,收获,陷入,lie睡懒觉,待产,tum拐入,上床睡觉,上缴,出卖,把 向内折,告发,作出,取得,draw收,引诱,接近黄昏,紧缩开支, believe, share分 享,分担,take接受,接待,吸收,理解,包括,轻信,注意到,欺骗,dop顺便走访, give,call召集,召来,来访,hand交上, succeed, bring生产,挣得,介绍引进, resul trade抵价购物, involve, check登记,报到, count把…计算在内,cut插嘴, indulge 沉湎于,pour(使)川流不息地涌入出, participate, Intervene插手,干预,调,fi填 充,填写,join, confide信任, trusty托付,信任,相信, persist坚持,固执于, consist存 在于 Spend (2)adj+in rich, interested, active, disappointed对某人/某事失望, engaged,busy,weak, expert successful, absorbed,skld, concerned和某事有牵连, experienced, confident, employed从事于,时间花在 accurate, clothed覆盖,使蒙受, diligent勤勉的 negligent疏忽的,粗心的, proficient熟练的,精通的, prompt按时的,准时的 versed精通的, ()ntin interest, progress, satisfaction, faith, belief, confidence, response(in response to) pride, perseverance坚定不移, difficulty, pleasure, delight
◼ 3. IN ◼ (1)v+in ◼ get进入, 到达, 收获, 陷入, lie睡懒觉, 待产, turn拐入, 上床睡觉, 上缴, 出卖, 把... 向内折, 告发, 作出, 取得, draw收, 引诱, 接近黄昏, 紧缩开支, believe, share分 享, 分担, take接受, 接待, 吸收, 理解, 包括, 轻信, 注意到, 欺骗, drop顺便走访, give, call召集, 召来, 来访, hand交上, succeed, bring生产, 挣得, 介绍引进, result, trade抵价购物, involve, check登记, 报到, count把...计算在内, cut插嘴, indulge 沉湎于, pour(使)川流不息地涌入/出, participate, intervene插手, 干预, 调, fill填 充, 填写, join, confide信任, trust托付, 信任, 相信, persist坚持, 固执于, consist存 在于, spend ◼ (2)adj+in ◼ rich, interested, active, disappointed对某人/某事失望, engaged, busy, weak, expert, successful, absorbed, skilled, concerned和某事有牵连, experienced, confident, employed从事于, 时间花在..., accurate, clothed 覆盖，使蒙受, diligent勤勉的, negligent疏忽的, 粗心的, proficient熟练的, 精通的, prompt按时的，准时的, versed精通的, ◼ (3)n+in ◼ interest, progress, satisfaction, faith, belief, confidence, response(in response to), pride, perseverance坚定不移, difficulty,pleasure, delight
4 FROM (1)V+from (a)v+ from learn, die, come, suffer hear, fall, rise, hang, escape, date, depart result由产生,d descend从…来, refrain忍住,制止,戒除克制, abstain戒,避免,弃权, differ不同, distinguish区别,识别, derive, expel驱逐出,开除,排出, conceal对(某人)隐瞒 (b)V+ sth( sb)+from sth( sb or a place) borrow, protect, receive, separate,kep,sop, prevent, deter阻拦,妨 碍, choose挑选 emove dissuade劝 止某人做, excuse借故推 托,婉言拒绝,免除某人(做某事), restrain阻止.去 (2)adi+from different, far, made, separate, absent, distinct, hidden ()n+from letter, visitor, absence, difference, protection, relief(find relief from 从…中摆脱出来), rescue
◼ 4. FROM ◼ (1)V+from ◼ (a) V + from ◼ learn, die, come, suffer, hear, fall, rise, hang, escape, date, depart, result由...产生, descend从...下来, refrain忍住, 制止, 戒除,克制, abstain戒, 避免, 弃权, differ不同, distinguish区别, 识别, derive, expel驱逐出, 开除, 排出, conceal对（某人）隐瞒 ◼ (b) V + sth ( sb) +from + sth ( sb or a place) ◼ borrow, protect, receive, separate, keep, stop, prevent,deter阻拦, 妨 碍, choose挑选, remove, save, dissuade劝止某人做, excuse借故推 托, 婉言拒绝, 免除某人(做某事), restrain阻止...去... ◼ (2)adj+from ◼ different, far, made, separate, absent, distinct, hidden ◼ (3)n+from ◼ letter, visitor,absence, difference, protection, relief(find relief from 从... 中摆脱出来), rescue
5. OFTa (1)V+of (a)V+of ■ consist由.组成, dream,hear, tell. think,know知道有…,die, speak谈及,说到 (b)Ⅴ+sb+of+sth rob,warn, inform, remind, accuse, cheat( cheat sth of sb骗人的东西), convince使.相信, relieve( (relieve sb of sth解除某人的(负担等;减轻某人的(痛苦等),偷去(某物)解除某人 (职务), deprive, (c)V+sth+of+sb ask要求,期望,beg向某人恳求, demand向.要求;向.索取, require对某人有.要求, expect( expect sth of sb对的.期望) (2)adj+of aware, careful,fre无…的,在…外面,摆脱,的,shor;,sure, certain, worthy, afraid, hopeful proud, full. tired,made, capable, Impatient不能忍受, considerate, characteristic有…的特色, guilty犯了罪, composed由.组成, jealous, ashamed, envious, Ignorant, apprehensive意识 到…的,bare空的, cautious, clear脱离,离开,避掉, conscIous, descriptive描写.的,记 述.的,说明…的, exclusive除外, forgetful不经心的;疏忽的,fond,hard艰难的 incapable, informed, innocent, mindful留神的;警觉的, neglectful, observant遵从的, possessed占有,拥有, productive有出现…的倾向,可能产生…的结果, regardless,rid摆脱; 除掉,拨除, sensible觉察的,明白的;知道的,sick倦怠的;疲劳的, susceptible能..;容 许的, weary厌烦,疲倦 (3 )n+of quality, number, sample, choice, impression, neglect, attack, care, consideration, pleasure doubt, way, equivalence, possibility, example
◼ 5. OF ◼ (1)V+of ◼ (a) V+of ◼ consist由...组成, dream, hear, tell, think, know知道有..., die, speak谈及, 说到 ◼ (b) V+sb+of+sth ◼ rob, warn, inform, remind, accuse, cheat(cheat sth of sb骗人的东西), convince使...相信, relieve(relieve sb of sth解除某人的(负担等); 减轻某人的(痛苦等),偷去(某物),解除某人 (职务)), deprive, ◼ (c) V+sth+of+sb ◼ ask要求, 期望, beg向某人恳求, demand向...要求; 向...索取, require对某人有...的要求, expect (expectsth of sb对...的…期望) ◼ (2)adj+of ◼ aware, careful, free无...的, 在...外面, 摆脱...的, short, sure, certain, worthy, afraid, hopeful, proud, full, tired, made, capable, impatient不能忍受, considerate, characteristic 有...的特色, guilty犯了罪, composed由...组成, jealous, ashamed, envious, ignorant, apprehensive意识 到...的, bare空的, cautious, clear脱离， 离开， 避掉, conscious, descriptive描写...的, 记 述...的, 说明...的, exclusive除...外, forgetful不经心的；疏忽的, fond, hard艰难的, incapable, informed, innocent, mindful留神的；警觉的, neglectful,observant遵从的, possessed占有, 拥有, productive有出现...的倾向, 可能产生...的结果, regardless, rid摆脱; 除掉, 拨除, sensible觉察的, 明白的; 知道的, sick倦怠的；疲劳的, susceptible能...的; 容 许的, weary厌烦, 疲倦 ◼ (3) n+of ◼ quality, number, sample, choice, impression, neglect, attack, care, consideration, pleasure, doubt, way, equivalence, possibility, example