Lecture 3: Nouns ■名词是表示人或物的名称的词。名词可以根据 其词汇意义,分为普通名词( Common noun)和专 有名词( Proper nour)。普通名词又可分为物质 名词( Material noun)、抽象名词( Abstract noun) 集体名词( Collective nour)和个体名词( ndividual Noun)。现从名词的数( Number)和格(Case)来考 虑具体的用法 ■I.名词的数 ■数是个语法范畴,它是区别单复数名词的屈折 变化形式。可数与不可数是英语名词最基本的 类别。可数名词有单数与复数两种形式
Lecture 3: Nouns ◼ 名词是表示人或物的名称的词。名词可以根据 其词汇意义，分为普通名词(Common Noun)和专 有名词(Proper Noun) 。普通名词又可分为物质 名词(Material Noun)、抽象名词(Abstract Noun)、 集体名词(Collective Noun)和个体名词(Individual Noun)。现从名词的数(Number)和格(Case)来考 虑具体的用法。 ◼ I. 名词的数 ◼ 数是个语法范畴，它是区别单复数名词的屈折 变化形式。可数与不可数是英语名词最基本的 类别。可数名词有单数与复数两种形式
■1.通常来讲,个体名词是可数名词;物质名词、抽象 名词、专有名词和集体名词是不可数名词。但它们有 时也以复数形式出现,表示不同意义。如: ■1)物质名词 其表示若干类、数量增多、扩大或表示某种饮料的 名词时可以复数形式出现 例句: They were given some bread and water. They were not allowed to fish in our territorial waters. ( E 海 r' d like some coffee and lemonade.(咖啡和柠檬水) r' d like two coffees and three lemonades.(两杯咖啡,三瓶 柠檬水)
◼ 1. 通常来讲，个体名词是可数名词；物质名词、抽象 名词、专有名词和集体名词是不可数名词。但它们有 时也以复数形式出现，表示不同意义。如： ◼ 1） 物质名词 ◼ 当其表示若干类、数量增多、扩大或表示某种饮料的 名词时,可以复数形式出现。 ◼ 例句： ◼ They were given some bread and water.(水) They were not allowed to fish in our territorial waters. (领 海) I’d like some coffee and lemonade. (咖啡和柠檬水) I’d like two coffees and three lemonades. (两杯咖啡,三瓶 柠檬水)
2)抽象名词 当其表示具体行动、若干类或数量之多时,可以复数形式出现 At midnight he heard three knocks at the back door His opinions are usuall based on The committee ave severa meetings nere He is relating to us his experiences as an explorer We met WI many difficulties 3)专有名词 般来说,专有名词也是不可数名词,没有复数形式,但有时 也以复数形式出现。例句: (1)表示某姓的一家人 Are the Smiths coming to our partytomorrow night? The Foxes have already left for San francisco (2)表示同性或同名的若干人 There are two Marys and three roberts in his class Mr blacks come this morning
◼ 2)抽象名词 ◼ 当其表示具体行动、若干类或数量之多时，可以复数形式出现。 ◼ At midnight he heard three knocks at the back door. His opinions are usually based on facts. The committee will have several meetings here. He is relating to us his experiences as an explorer. We met with many difficulties. ◼ 3）专有名词 ◼ 一般来说，专有名词也是不可数名词，没有复数形式，但有时 也以复数形式出现。例句： ◼ （1） 表示某姓的一家人 ◼ Are the Smiths coming to our party tomorrow night? The Foxes have already left for San Francisco. (2) 表示同性或同名的若干人 ◼ There are two Marys and three Roberts in his class. Did the two Mr Blacks come this morning?
■4)集体名词 ■集体名词一般只以单数形式出现,但集体名词 的单数形式往往还可以作复数用。 a The football team are having baths and are then coming back for tea His family are waiting for him The public now know the whole stor The police are investigating the crime
◼ 4）集体名词 ◼ 集体名词一般只以单数形式出现，但集体名词 的单数形式往往还可以作复数用。 ◼ The football team are having baths and are then coming back for tea. His family are waiting for him. The public now know the whole story. The police are investigating the crime
■2.单位词的使用 ■单位词是表示事物个体性的词语。它既可和不可数名 词搭配,也可和可数名词搭配。与前者搭配时,其表 达的事物具有个体性。英语单位词大都借用普通名词 般具有词汇意义。可分两类: ■1)表个数、容积及以形状表个数的单位词。如: a bowl of rice, a glass of beer, a cup of tea.etc a cake of soup, a bar of chocolate, a loaf of bread, etc a piece of meat/ paper/ bread /information /furniture, etc an item of news/ business /program etc an article of furniture /clothing /luggage , etc 2)表示行为、状态,成双、成组、成群。如: a a fit of anger /laughter /fever, a flash of hope / light lighting, etc a couple of cars, a pair of shoes. a herd of elephants, etc
◼ 2. 单位词的使用 ◼ 单位词是表示事物个体性的词语。它既可和不可数名 词搭配，也可和可数名词搭配。与前者搭配时，其表 达的事物具有个体性。英语单位词大都借用普通名词， 一般具有词汇意义。可分两类： ◼ 1） 表个数、容积及以形状表个数的单位词。如： ◼ a bowl of rice, a glass of beer, a cup of tea .etc. a cake of soup, a bar of chocolate, a loaf of bread, etc. a piece of meat/ paper/ bread /information /furniture, etc. an item of news/ business /program , etc. an article of furniture /clothing /luggage ,etc. 2)表示行为、状态，成双、成组、成群。如： ◼ a fit of anger / laughter /fever, a flash of hope / light / lighting, etc. a couple of cars, a pair of shoes, a herd of elephants, etc
■3.以s结尾的名词 这类名词有时作单数,有时作复数。常作单数的这类 词包括某些疾病名称、游戏名称( billiards,bows, dominoes, draughts, cards, etc )、学科名称、(以—ics结 尾)以及某些地理名词和专有名词。如: ■ Measles(麻疹) is a contagious di sease Cards are not allowed here His politics are rather conservative:(保守的) Linguistics(语言学) has developed rapidly in modern times Physics was the only course she failed in The United States is a country of people with varied origins The New York Times is published daily
◼ 3. 以—s结尾的名词 ◼ 这类名词有时作单数，有时作复数。常作单数的这类 词包括某些疾病名称 、 游 戏 名 称 ( billiards, bowls, dominoes, draughts, cards, etc)、学科名称、（以—ics结 尾）以及某些地理名词和专有名词。如： ◼ Measles(麻疹) is a contagious disease. Cards are not allowed here. His politics are rather conservative.(保守的) Linguistics( 语言学)has developed rapidly in modern times. Physics was the only course she failed in. The United States is a country of people with varied origins. The New York Times is published daily
■4.单复数同形的名词 ■1)表示某些动物名称及上下文提到的打猎之事 ■deer sheep, Swine(猪),fsh等 to hunt elephant, antelope(羚羊), etc to shoot wild duck, grouse(松鸡) 2)表示数量与重量单位的名词。如: two dozen eggs, three score and ten forty head of cattle, four thousand people
◼ 4. 单复数同形的名词 ◼ 1） 表示某些动物名称及上下文提到的打猎之事。 如： ◼ deer, sheep, swine ( 猪 ) , fish 等 to hunt elephant, antelope ( 羚 羊 ) , etc. to shoot wild duck, grouse ( 松 鸡 ) . 2) 表示数量与重量单位的名词。如： ◼ two dozen eggs, three score and ten forty head of cattle , four thousand people
■5.无复数形式的不可数名词常见的有: advice(忠告) baggage(行李) bread(面包) chak(粉笔) clothing(衣物) equipment(设备) furniture(家具) information(情报) machinery(机械) news(消息) performance 演出) poetr (诗 歌) grass(草)rice(大米) scenery(风景)
◼ 5. 无复数形式的不可数名词常见的有： ◼ advice (忠告) baggage (行李) bread (面包) chalk（粉笔） clothing （衣物） equipment（设备） furniture（家具） information（情报） machinery （机械） news （消息） performance （演出） poetry（诗 歌） grass （草 ） rice （大米） scenery (风景)
6.名词的复数变化形式 6.1名词复数的规则变化 般情况加-s 清辅音后读/s/;map-maps 2浊辅音和元音后读/z/ bag -bags; car-cars 以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词加es读iz/ bus-buses watch-watches 以ce,se,ze,(d)g等结尾的词 加-s读/iz/ license-licenses 以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y为再加es读/z/ baby ba abies
◼ 6. 名词的复数变化形式 ◼ 6.1 名词复数的规则变化 __________________________________________________ ◼ 一般情况加 -s ◼ 1.清辅音后读/s/; map-maps ◼ 2.浊辅音和元音后读 /z/ bag-bags; car-cars ___________________________________________________ ◼ 以s, sh, ch, x等结尾的词 加 -es 读 /iz/ bus-buses watch-watches ___________________________________________________ ◼ 以ce, se, ze, (d)ge等结尾的词 加 -s 读 /iz/ license-licenses ___________________________________________________ ◼ 以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y 为i再加es 读 /z/ baby--- babies ___________________________________________________
■6.2其它名词复数的规则变化 1)以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y结尾的名词变 复数时,直接加s变复数: 如: two Marys the henrys monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays 比较:层楼: storey-- storeys story- stories 2)以o结尾的名词,变复数时: a.加s,如:phoo- photos piano- pianos radio---rad1os Z00-z00S b.加es,如: potato- potatoes tomato- tomatoes C.均可,如:zero- zeros/ zeroes
◼ 6.2 其它名词复数的规则变化 ◼ 1) 以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变 复数时，直接加s变复数： ◼ 如： two Marys the Henrys monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays 比较： 层楼：storey ---storeys story---stories 2) 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时： ◼ a. 加s，如： photo---photos piano---pianos radio---radios zoo---zoos； b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes c. 均可，如：zero---zeros / zeroes