Lecture 2: Subject-Verb Concord ■主谓一致的问题看上去似乎很简单,其实使用 起来却不是那么容易,有时候甚至很复杂。这 是因为在不同情况下,处理这一问题所依据的 原则各不相同。就其在现代语法中的基本原则 而言,通常有三个不同角度的着眼点: ■1、语法一致( Grammatical Concord) 2、意义一致( Notional concord) ■3、航近原则( Principle of proximity)
Lecture 2: Subject-Verb Concord ◼ 主谓一致的问题看上去似乎很简单,其实使用 起来却不是那么容易,有时候甚至很复杂。这 是因为在不同情况下,处理这一问题所依据的 原则各不相同。就其在现代语法中的基本原则 而言,通常有三个不同角度的着眼点: ◼ 1、语法一致 (Grammatical Concord) ◼ 2、意义一致 ( Notional Concord ) ◼ 3、就近原则( Principle of Proximity )
■语法一致 主谓一致的原则是指,主语和谓语从语法形式 上取得一致:主语是单数形式,谓语也采取单 数形式;主语是复数形式,谓语亦采取复数形 式。例如: 法书帮助你学习语言的某些规则 A grammar book helps you learn something about the rules of a language 主语是单数形式,谓语也采取单数形式) a Grammar books help you learn something about the rules of a language ■(主语是复数形式,谓语也采取复数形式)
◼ 语法一致 ◼ 主谓一致的原则是指,主语和谓语从语法形式 上取得一致:主语是单数形式,谓语也采取单 数形式;主语是复数形式,谓语亦采取复数形 式。例如: ◼ 语法书帮助你学习语言的某些规则。 ◼ A grammar book helps you learn something about the rules of a language. ◼ (主语是单数形式,谓语也采取单数形式) ◼ Grammar books help you learn something about the rules of a language. ◼ (主语是复数形式,谓语也采取复数形式)
口主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致的问题远不只上述 的那么简单,有许多方面的情况需要去具体地对待: ■1、不定式、动名词、以及从句作主语时应看作单数, 谓语动词用单数 例如: Reading often means learning读书常意味着学习。 To read English aloud every morning does you a lot of good每天早晨朗读英语有许多好处。 What he said as een recorded 他说的话已被录音了
◼ 主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致的问题远不只上述 的那么简单,有许多方面的情况需要去具体地对待: ◼ 1、不定式、动名词、以及从句作主语时应看作单数, 谓语动词用单数。 ◼ 例如: ◼ Reading often means learning .读书常意味着学习。 ◼ To read English aloud every morning does you a lot of good.每天早晨朗读英语有许多好处。 ◼ What he said has been recorded. 他说的话已被录音了
2、不定代词one, every;each, everybody, everyone, one of, no one, nothing, nobody, someone somebody, either, neither, many a等作主语或是修 饰主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数 例如 ■ Neither of my sisters likes sports.我的妹妹中没人 喜欢运动 a Many a student takes a walk on campus after dinner 许多学生晚饭后常在校园里散步。 a Every boy and girl shows great interest in extra- curriculum activities.每个男孩和女孩对课外活动 都表现出很大的兴趣
◼ 2、不定代词one, every, each, everybody, everyone, one of, no one, nothing, nobody, someone, somebody, either, neither, many a 等作主语或是修 饰主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数。 ◼ 例如: ◼ Neither of my sisters likes sports .我的妹妹中没人 喜欢运动。 ◼ Many a student takes a walk on campus after dinner. 许多学生晚饭后常在校园里散步。 ◼ Every boy and girl shows great interest in extracurriculum activities .每个男孩和女孩对课外活动 都表现出很大的兴趣
口3、表示国家、机构、事件、作品等名称的专有名词作 主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数 例如: a One Thousand And One Nights tells people lots of mysterious bits of folklore 《一千零一夜》给人们讲了许多神秘的民间传说 The United States is leading the world in science and technology 美国常在世界科技方面领先。 a The united nations plays an important role in the international affairs 联合国在国际事务中起着重要作用
◼ 3、表示国家、机构、事件、作品等名称的专有名词作 主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数。 ◼ 例如: ◼ One Thousand And One Nights tells people lots of mysterious bits of folklore. ◼ 《一千零一夜》给人们讲了许多神秘的民间传说。 The United States is leading the world in science and technology. 美国常在世界科技方面领先。 ◼ The United Nations plays an important role in the international affairs . 联合国在国际事务中起着重要作用
■4、 a portion, a series of, a kind of, the number of等与名词 构成名词短语作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数 例如: A series of high technology products has been laid out in the exhibition.一系列高科技产品已在展览上展出 The number of printing mistakes in some recent books often surprises people even to death 近来一些书籍里印刷错误的数量让人吃惊得要命 A substantial portion of the reports is missing这些报告都 没有提及实质问题。 a kind of rose in the garden smells very pleasant这座花园 里有一种玫瑰香气怡人
◼ 4、a portion, a series of, a kind of, the number of等与名词 构成名词短语作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数。 ◼ 例如: ◼ A series of high technology products has been laid out in the exhibition. 一系列高科技产品已在展览上展出。 ◼ The number of printing mistakes in some recent books often surprises people even to death. 近来一些书籍里印刷错误的数量让人吃惊得要命。 ◼ A substantial portion of the reports is missing .这些报告都 没有提及实质问题。 ◼ A kind of rose in the garden smells very pleasant.这座花园 里有一种玫瑰香气怡人
■5、由some, several,both, few, many, a number of 等词修饰主语、或是由它们自身作主语时应看 作复数,谓语动词用复数。另外,由and连接两 个主语时,谓语一般用复数。例如: a On the seashore, some people are playing volleyball and some are lying in the sun.海边,有些人在打 排球,有些人躺着晒太阳。 ■ Both of us are fond of watching football games我 们俩都喜欢看足球赛。 A number of will-be graduates are voluntarily going to work in the West of china.许多即将毕业的学 生打算自愿去中国西部工作
◼ 5、由some, several, both, few, many, a number of 等词修饰主语、或是由它们自身作主语时应看 作复数,谓语动词用复数。另外,由and连接两 个主语时,谓语一般用复数。例如: ◼ On the seashore, some people are playing volleyball and some are lying in the sun. 海边,有些人在打 排球,有些人躺着晒太阳。 ◼ Both of us are fond of watching football games .我 们俩都喜欢看足球赛。 ◼ A number of will-be graduates are voluntarily going to work in the West of China. 许多即将毕业的学 生打算自愿去中国西部工作
■6、有些短语,如: a lot of, ,most of, any of, half of, three fifths of, eighty percent of, some of, none of; the rest of,llof等后接不可数名词、或是单 数形式的名词作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词 用单数;但如果后接可数名词的复数形式作主 吾时应看作复数,谓语动词用复数。 如 aA lot of money in the shop was stolen yesterday when the electricity was suddenly cut o!昨天突 然断电时,那家商店丢失了许多钱 a lot of books about investment fund have been published recently.最近出版了许多关于投资基金 的书籍
◼ 6、有些短语,如:a lot of, most of, any of, half of , three fifths of, eighty percent of, some of, none of, the rest of , all of等后接不可数名词、或是单 数形式的名词作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词 用单数;但如果后接可数名词的复数形式作主 语时应看作复数,谓语动词用复数。 ◼ 例如: ◼ A lot of money in the shop was stolen yesterday when the electricity was suddenly cut off. 昨天突 然断电时,那家商店丢失了许多钱。 ◼ A lot of books about Investment Fund have been published recently.最近出版了许多关于投资基金 的书籍
意义一致( Notional concord ■这一原则是指,从意义着眼来解决主谓一致问 题。有时主语形式上为单数,但意义上却是复 数,那么谓语依意义也用复数形式;而有时主 语形式上为复数,但意义上却是单数,那么谓 语依意义亦用单数形式
◼ 意义一致( Notional Concord ) ◼ 这一原则是指,从意义着眼来解决主谓一致问 题。有时主语形式上为单数,但意义上却是复 数,那么谓语依意义也用复数形式;而有时主 语形式上为复数,但意义上却是单数,那么谓 语依意义亦用单数形式
1当主语后面接由 as well as, as much as, accompanied b including, in addition to more than no less than rather than together with等引导的词组时,其谓语动词的形式要依 主语的单复数而定。在这样的句子里,这些词所引导 的词组不影响主语自身的单、复数形式,它们在句子 里其实是状语。也就是说,我们完全可以将这些词组 搬到句首或是放到句末去。从表面上我们也可以看出 它们与主语之间有“,”隔开 例如: Petroleum, along with fuel gas, has recently risen in price 最近石油和燃料煤气的价格上涨了。 a The students, together with their teacher, are going to have a picnic this weekend 学生们打算这个周末与他们的老师 起去野炊
◼ 1 当主语后面接由as well as, as much as, accompanied by, including, in addition to, more than,no less than, rather than, together with等引导的词组时,其谓语动词的形式要依 主语的单复数而定。在这样的句子里,这些词所引导 的词组不影响主语自身的单、复数形式,它们在句子 里其实是状语。也就是说,我们完全可以将这些词组 搬到句首或是放到句末去。从表面上我们也可以看出, 它们与主语之间有“ , ”隔开。 ◼ 例如: ◼ Petroleum, along with fuel gas, has recently risen in price. 最近石油和燃料煤气的价格上涨了。 ◼ The students, together with their teacher , are going to have a picnic this weekend.学生们打算这个周末与他们的老师 一起去野炊