Lecture 21: Coordination A ■1 Definition a coordinate construction is a sequence of semantically-related grammatical units that are similar in form, equal in rank of structure, identical in function and are connected by coordinators a 2 Types of Coordinate Constructions 1) Formation of coordinate constructions a Coordinate constructions may be on different ranks in grammatical hierarchy. They may be a sequence of coordinated words, phrases or clauses
Lecture 21: Coordination ◼ 1 Definition ◼ A coordinate construction is a sequence of semantically-related grammatical units that are similar in form, equal in rank of structure, identical in function and are connected by coordinators. ◼ 2 Types of Coordinate Constructions ◼ 1) Formation of coordinate constructions ◼ Coordinate constructions may be on different ranks in grammatical hierarchy. They may be a sequence of coordinated words, phrases, or clauses
2)Coordinating devices a coordinate construction is formed with coordinating devices including coordinators and some punctuation marks(comma, semi-colon colon a 3)Insertion between coordinated items Two coordinated items can be interrupted by an insertion just to lend emphasis to the second item Likewise. in a series of three or more coordinated items, the last two can also be interrupted by an insertion to produce the same rhetorical effect
◼ 2) Coordinating devices ◼ A coordinate construction is formed with coordinating devices including coordinators and some punctuation marks (comma, semi-colon, colon). ◼ 3) Insertion between coordinated items ◼ Two coordinated items can be interrupted by an insertion just to lend emphasis to the second item. Likewise, in a series of three or more coordinated items, the last two can also be interrupted by an insertion to produce the same rhetorical effect
4)Coordinators semantically considered Modern english has four basic coordinators: and or. but for/so ■并列句的分类 表示同等关系的并列句 这类并列句常用并列连词and连接前后简单句,and常译为“和”、“并且”, 也可不译出来。例如: He likes playing football and he plays well他喜欢踢足球,并且踢得很好。 Last year I met Kate and we became friends去年我和凯特相遇,我们成了朋友 ■2.表示转折关系的并列句 这类并列句常用并列连词bu(但是),ye(可是),whil(而,另一方面), however(可是)等连接前后简单句,but常译为“但是”,“可是”,切不可与 从属连词 I though或 although一起使用。例如 It has no mouth, but it can talk.它没有嘴巴,但是它会说话。 School is over, yet all the teachers are still working学校放学了,可是老师们仍 然在工作 He wants to be a writer, while i want to be a scientist他想当作家,而我则想当 科学家 It's raining hard, however, we must go out.雨下得很大,然而我们必须出去
◼ 4) Coordinators semantically considered ◼ Modern English has four basic coordinators: and, or, but, for/so. ◼ 并列句的分类 ◼ 1. 表示同等关系的并列句 这类并列句常用并列连词and连接前后简单句,and常译为“和”、“并且”, 也可不译出来。例如: He likes playing football and he plays well.他喜欢踢足球,并且踢得很好。 Last year l met Kate and we became friends.去年我和凯特相遇,我们成了朋友。 ◼ 2. 表示转折关系的并列句 这类并列句常用并列连词but(但是),yet(可是),while(而,另一方面), however(可是)等连接前后简单句,but常译为“但是”,“可是”,切不可与 从属连词though或although一起使用。例如: It has no mouth, but it can talk. 它没有嘴巴,但是它会说话。 School is over, yet all the teachers are still working.学校放学了,可是老师们仍 然在工作。 He wants to be a writer, while I want to be a scientist. 他想当作家,而我则想当 科学家。 It's raining hard, however, we must go out. 雨下得很大,然而我们必须出去
■3.表示选择关系的并列句 这类并列句常用并列连词or(或者,否则)等连接前后简单句。 or有两重含义: (1)译为“或者”,表示选择。例如: Now you can have a rest or you can go to the cinema.现在你可以休息,或者去 看电影。 (2)译为“否则”、“要不然”,表示条件。例如: You must tell the truth, or you will be punished.你必须说真话,否则你将会受 到惩罚。 ■。4.表示因果关系的并列句 这类并列句常用并列连词for,so等连接前后简单句。 )for在意义上与从属连词 because, sInce和as相同,但它们引导的是原因状语 从句,而for则连接两个简单句,前者表示结果,后者表示原因。其结构为: 简单句(结果)+for+简单句(原因)。 例如: He has many good friends, for he is an honest man。他有许多好朋友,因 为他是个诚实的男子汉 (2o意为“因此”、“所以”,但不能与 because同时出现在同一个句子中 因为 because是从属连词,而是并列连词,用来连接并列句。其结构为 简单句(原因)+s0牛简单句(结果)。例如: M: Li went to his hometown, sO Mr. Wang was taking his class instead.李老师回 家乡去了,所以王老师替二课
◼ 3. 表示选择关系的并列句 这类并列句常用并列连词or(或者,否则)等连接前后简单句。 or有两重含义: (1)译为“或者”,表示选择。例如: Now you can have a rest or you can go to the cinema.现在你可以休息,或者去 看电影。 (2)译为“否则”、“要不然”,表示条件。例如: You must tell the truth,or you will be punished.你必须说真话,否则你将会受 到惩罚。 ◼ 4. 表示因果关系的并列句 这类并列句常用并列连词for,so等连接前后简单句。 (1)for在意义上与从属连词because,since和as相同,但它们引导的是原因状语 从句,而for则连接两个简单句,前者表示结果,后者表示原因。其结构为: 简单句(结果)+for+简单句(原因)。 例如:He has many good friends, for he is an honest man。他有许多好朋友,因 为他是个诚实的男子汉。 (2)so意为“因此”、“所以”,但不能与because同时出现在同一个句子中。 因为because是从属连词,而是并列连词,用来连接并列句。其结构为: 简单句(原因) +so牛简单句(结果)。例如: Mr. Li went to his hometown, so Mr. Wang was taking his class instead.李老师回 家乡去了,所以王老师替二课
5.其他形式的并列句 “祈使句+and+简单句”。其中祈使句表示一个条件,并列连词and引导的 单句则表示一个较好的结果,谓语常用一般将来时。例如: Use your head, and you will find away.动脑筋,你就会想出办法来。 ■(2)“祈使句+or+简单句”。祈使句表示一个条件,并列连词or后的简单句则 表示一个不愉快或不理想的结果。例如: Study hard, or you Will fall behind the others.努力学习,否则你就会落于别人。 ■(3)“ either:.or”结构表示“不是就是…”,“或者……或者.…”,例 如 Either my uncle can do it, or my aunt can do it.我叔叔可以做那件事,或者我婶 婶也可以做。 习惯上将两个句子合并成 Either my uncle or my aunt can do it (4)“ not only. but also意思为“不仅.…而且…”,例如 not only the students have missed the school car but also the teacher has missed the school car不仅学生,而且他们的老师都误了校车。 neither.nor..”结构,意为“既不.不.”,“两者都不”, 用法与 either..or. not only. but also.相同
◼ 5. 其他形式的并列句 (1)“祈使句+and+简单句”。其中祈使句表示一个条件,并列连词and引导的 简单句则表示一个较好的结果,谓语常用一般将来时。例如: Use your head, and you will find away.动脑筋,你就会想出办法来。 ◼ (2)“祈使句+or+简单句”。祈使句表示一个条件,并列连词or后的简单句则 表示一个不愉快或不理想的结果。例如: Study hard, or you Will fall behind the others.努力学习,否则你就会落于别人。 ◼ (3)“either...or”结构表示“不是……就是……”,“或者……或者……”,例 如: Either my uncle can do it, or my aunt can do it. 我叔叔可以做那件事,或者我婶 婶也可以做。 习惯上将两个句子合并成Either my uncle or my aunt can do it. ◼ (4) “not only…but also”意思为“不仅……而且……”,例如: not only the students have missed the school car, but also the teacher has missed the school car.不仅学生,而且他们的老师都误了校车。 ◼ (5) “neither…nor…”结构,意为“既不……也不……”,“两者都不……”, 用法与either …or…,not only …but also…相同
■使用并列句要注意的几种情况 1.并列句有时可不用连词,而用分号隔开(前后句之间的关系须 相当紧密)。例如: We fished all day; we didn ' t catch a fish我们钓了一天的鱼,一条 鱼也没钓到。 2并列连词后的简单句如果与其前的简单句有相同的部分,则 相同的部分常可省略。例如: My father works in a factory and my mother in a school我父亲在工 工作,母亲在学校工作 3.由so,nor, neither连接的并列句,后一简单句为避免重复,其成 份常倒装并省略一些。例如: He is not a student, nor am i.他不是学生,我也不是 Beibei can swim, so can I.贝贝会游泳我也会
◼ 使用并列句要注意的几种情况 ◼ 1. 并列句有时可不用连词,而用分号隔开(前后句之间的关系须 相当紧密)。例如: We fished all day; we didn't catch a fish.我们钓了一天的鱼,一条 鱼也没钓到。 2. 并列连词后的简单句如果与其前的简单句有相同的部分,则 相同的部分常可省略。例如: My father works in a factory and my mother in a school.我父亲在工 厂工作,母亲在学校工作。 3. 由so, nor, neither连接的并列句,后一简单句为避免重复,其成 份常倒装并省略一些。例如: He is not a student, nor am I. 他不是学生,我也不是。 Beibei can swim, so can I. 贝贝会游泳,我也会
TEM4-02A Microsoft Word 文档
TEM4-02
Homework∠ Exercise 30Aon Pages 508-509 Exercise 30B on pages 510-511 Exercise 30C on Pages 514-515 ■预习第31讲(516-540页) ■预习第32讲(541-569页)
Homework ◼ Exercise 30A on Pages 508-509 ◼ Exercise 30B on Pages 510-511 ◼ Exercise 30C on Pages 514-515 ◼ 预习第31讲(516-540页) ◼ 预习第32讲(541-569页)