Categories of Respiratory Viruses Orthomyxoviridae: Influenza virus Paramyxoviridae: Parainfluenza virus, Mumps virus; Measles, Respiratory syneytical virus Togaviridae: Rubella virus Coronaviridae: corona irus, sars virus Adenoviridae: human Adenovirus picornaviridae: Rhino virus;

Category of sample Blood, Urine, Stool, nasal washing, nasal swab, throat swab, saliva, sputum, rectal swab, vesicle fluid scraping or swab) tissue, brain biopsy, cerebrospinal fluid, et

What does a pathogen have to do? Infect (infest) a host Reproduce(replicate) itself Ensure that its progeny are transmitted to another host

Spirochetes Gram negative Long, thin, helical, motile axial filaments locomotion between peptidoglycan layer/outer membrane runs parallel

Biological Features Structure and chemical composition Developmental cycle Staining properties Antigens Growth and metabolism Characteristics of host-parasite- relationship Classification

Mycoplasmas a group of the smallest organisms that can be free living in nature, Pass bacterial filter and also grow on laboratory media. More than 80 species, belong to Mycoplasmatales of mollicute. 3 families can be divided:

General introduction Gram-negative, obligate intracellular coccobacilli bacteria that infect mammals and arthropods Rickettsiae are transmitted in the arthropods, which serves as both vector and reservior Both dna and rna Is sensitive to antibiotic

Actinomyces Israelii Anaeslundii a Gram positive sulfur granule; Related to decay tooth and peridentitis

Category Spore- forming: rod, Gram(+)--Clostridium Nonspore- forming: see next slides

Vibrio sp Gram-negative rods Curves or comma shaped Non-spore forming Highly motile-single polar flagella Associated with salt water Oxidase positive