Cheese is a very varied group of dairy products, produced mainly in Europe, North and South America, Australia and New Zealand and to a lesser extent in North Africa and the Middle East, where it originated during the Agricultural Revolution, 6000-8000 years ago. Cheese production and con- 10A and 10B), is increasing in traditional

Like all other foods of plant or animal origin, milk contains several indigenous enzymes which are constituents of the milk as secreted. The principal constituents of milk (lactose, lipids and proteins) can be modified by exogenous enzymes, added to induce specific changes. Exogenous en- zymes may also be used to analyse for certain constituents in milk. In addition, milk and most dairy products

Vitamins are organic chemicals required by the body in trace amounts but which cannot be synthesized by the body. The vitamins required for growth and maintenance of health differ between species; compounds regarded as vitamins for one species may be synthesized at adequate rates by other species. For example, only primates and the guinea-pig require ascorbic acid (vitamin C; section 6.4) from their diet; other species possess the enzyme gluconolactone oxidase which is necessary for the synthesis of vitamin C from D-glucose or D-galactose

Milk is a fluid secreted by the female of all mamalian species, of which there are more than 4000, for the primary function of meeting the complete nutritional requirements of the neonate of the species. In addition, milk serves several physiological functions for the neonate. Most of the non- nutritional functions of milk are served by proteins and peptides which

食品中呈现各种颜色的物质统称为色素，分为天然色素和人工合成色素两类。天然色素一般都对光、热、酸、碱等条件敏感，在加工、贮存过程中常因此而褪色或变色。合成色素一般都有程度不等的毒性。各种色素都是由发色基团和助色基团组成的

食品的风味是一种感觉现象，包括食物入口以后给予口腔的触感、温感、味感及嗅感等感觉的综合。 风味的爱好带有强烈的个人的、地区的、民族的特殊倾向。 风味物质成分繁多而含量甚微，多数为易破坏的热不稳定性物质，除了少数成分以外，大多数是非营 养性物质。但风味物质对人的食欲具有推动作用，因而间接地对营养(摄食、消化)有良好的影响

第一节 氨基酸的生物合成 ➢ 还原性氨基化作用 ➢ 氨基转移作用 ➢ 氨基酸的相互转化作用 第二节 蛋白质的生物合成 ➢ 蛋白质合成体系的组成 ➢ 蛋白质的合成过程 ➢ 蛋白质合成后的定向输送与修饰 第三节 蛋白质的生物降解 ➢ 蛋白酶 ➢ 蛋白质的消化吸收 ➢ 食品蛋白质的营养价值 第四节 氨基酸的分解 ➢ 氨基酸的脱氨基作用 ➢ 氨基酸的转氨基作用 ➢ 联合脱氨基作用 ➢ 氨基酸的脱羧基作用 ➢ 氨基酸碳骨架的氧化途径 ➢ 含氮排泄物的形成 第五节 蛋白质代谢的调节 ➢ 遗传的控制 ➢ 酶的控制 ➢ 激素的调节

食品的风味是一种感觉现象，包括食物入口以后给予口腔的触感、温感、味感及嗅感等感觉的综合。风味的爱好带有强烈的个人的、地区的、民族的特殊倾向

一、 核酸的合成代谢—核苷酸的生物合成，核酸的生物合成 二、核酸的分解代谢—核酸的分解，核苷酸的降解代谢 三、遗传工程—DNA的限制酶图谱，基因载体， DNA重组技术

一、物理性质与功能 （一）亲水性 定义：糖类的羟基通过氢键与水分子相互作用，导致糖类及其许多聚合物的溶剂化和（或）增溶作用。 1、结构与吸湿性