CONTENTS About the Authors。。··。·。··。··。·。xvi Acknowledgment。···· ●。●●。。●。●。。●XX Preface to the First Edition······· Preface to the Second Edition。。···。······e ···◆xxii CHAPTER I Introduction to Mineralogy·····, 1 Mineral Constituents of Rocks-A Review,2 Igneous Rocks,7 Metamorphic Rocks,9 Sedimentary Rocks,10 Properties of Sedimentary Particles,14 Development and Use of Petrophysics,20 Objectives and Organization,22 Problems,24 Glossary (Chapter 1),24 References,26 CHAPTER2 Introduction to Petroleum Geology·。,··。。。·。。。。,·29 Review of Composition of the Globe,29 Crust,31 Plate Tectonics,32 Geologic Time,34 Sedimentary Geology.37 Basins,37 Divergent Continental Margins,38 Convergent Continental Margins,39 Transform Continental Margins,39 Transgressive-Regressive Cycles,39 vii
CONTENTS ... AbouttheAuthors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xviii Acknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx Preface to the First Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi Preface to the Second Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv ... CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Mineralogy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Mineral Constituents of Rocks-A Review, 2 Igneous Rocks, 7 Metamorphic Rocks, 9 Sedimentary Rocks, 10 Properties of Sedimentary Particles, 14 Development and Use of Petrophysics, 20 Objectives and Organization, 22 Problems, 24 Glossary (Chapter I), 24 References, 26 CHAPTER 2 Introduction to Petroleum Geology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Review of Composition of the Globe, 29 Crust, 31 Plate Tectonics, 32 Geologic Time, 34 Basins, 37 Divergent Continental Margins, 38 Convergent Continental Margins, 39 Transform Continental Margins, 39 Transgressive-Regressive Cycles, 39 Sedimentary Geology, 37 vii
Accumulation of Sediments,40 Hydrocarbon Traps,44 Origin of Petroleum,46 Transformation of Organics Into Kerogen,47 Transformation of Kerogen Into Oil and Gas,48 Migration and Accumulation of Petroleum,49 Primary Migration,50 Secondary Migration,51 Properties of Subsurface Fluids,53 Hydrostatic Pressure Gradient,54 Lithostatic Pressure Gradient,54 Geothermal Gradient,55 Oilfield Waters,58 Petroleum,65 Petroleum Chemistry,71 Problems,81 Nomenclature,83 Greek Symbols,84 Subscripts,84 References,85 CHAPTER3 Porosity and Permeability。。。··。。。·····。 87 Porosity,88 Factors Governing the Magnitude of Porosity,89 Engineering Classification of Porosity,91 Geological Classification of Porosity,91 Visual Description of Porosity in Carbonate Rocks,94 Fluid Saturation,96 Quantitative Use of Porosity,97 Permeability,100 Classification of Permeability,101 Factors Affecting the Magnitude of Permeability,102 Permeability-Porosity Relationships,105 Kozeny Correlation,106 Concept of Flow Units,112 Mathematical Theory of Flow Units,114 Specific Surface Area,116 Flow Unit Characterization Factors,120 Effect of Packing on Permeability,130 Effect of Water Saturation on Permeability,132 Permeability from NMR Log,134 Permeability-Porosity Relationships in Carbonate Rocks,136 Directional Permeability,147 Reservoir Heterogeneity,159 Distribution of Rock Properties,162 Permeability and Porosity Distributions,163 viii
Accumulation of Sediments, 40 Hydrocarbon Traps, 44 Transformation of Organics Into Kerogen, 47 Transformation of Kerogen Into Oil and Gas, 48 Primary Migration, 50 Secondary Migration, 51 Properties of Subsurface Fluids, 53 Hydrostatic Pressure Gradient, 54 Lithostatic Pressure Gradient, 54 Geothermal Gradient, 55 Oilfield Waters, 58 Petroleum, 65 Petroleum Chemistry, 71 Problems, 81 Nomenclature, 83 Greek Symbols, 84 Subscripts, 84 Origin of Petroleum, 46 Migration and Accumulation of Petroleum, 49 References, 85 CHAPTER 3 Porosity and Permeability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Porosity, 88 Factors Governing the Magnitude of Porosity, 89 Engineering Classification of Porosity, 91 Geological Classification of Porosity, 9 1 Visual Description of Porosity in Carbonate Rocks, 94 Fluid Saturation, 96 Quantitative Use of Porosity, 97 Classification of Permeability, 101 Factors Affecting the Magnitude of Permeability, 102 Kozeny Correlation, 106 Concept of Flow Units, 112 Mathematical Theory of Flow Units, 114 Specific Surface Area, 116 Flow Unit Characterization Factors, 120 Effect of Packing on Permeability, 130 Effect of Water Saturation on Permeability, 132 Permeability from NMR Log, 134 Permeability-Porosity Relationships in Carbonate Rocks, 136 Directional Permeability, 147 Reservoir Heterogeneity, 159 Distribution of Rock Properties, 162 Permeability and Porosity Distributions, 163 Permeability, 100 Permeability-Porosity Relationships, 105 viii
Permeability from Well Test Data,180 Statistical Zonation Technique,185 Problems,193 Nomenclature,196 Subscripts,197 Superscripts,198 Greek Symbols,198 References,198 CHAPTER4 Formation Resistivity and Water Saturation。。。。。··。。。203 Formation Resistivity Factor,204 Resistivity Measurement,204 Determination of Formation Water Resistivity,206 Correlation between Fg and Porosity,217 Correlations between Fg and Tortuosity,219 Correlations between Fg and Cementation,221 Theoretical Formula for FR,224 Correlation between Fr and Water Saturation,229 Correlation between Fg and Permeability,239 Resistivity of Shaly (Clayey)Reservoir Rocks,242 Water Saturation in Shaly (Clayey)Reservoir Rocks,243 Approximate Shale Relationship,249 Generalized Shale Relationship,250 Flow Units for Shaly Sandstones,253 Lab-Derived Evaluation of Shaly (Clayey)Reservoir Rocks,257 Log-Derived Evaluation of Shaly (Clayey)Reservoir Rocks,283 Formation Evaluation,283 Core Analysis,284 Well Log Analysis,285 Problems,301 Nomenclature,305 Subscripts,308 Greek Symbols,308 References,309 CHAPT ER5 Capillary Pressure。。。。·。·。···。。。·。·。·。。·。··313 Capillary Pressure,313 Derivation of the Capillary Pressure Equation,314 Capillary Rise,318 Capillary Pressure J-Function,320 Semipermeable Disk Measurement of Capillary Pressure,322 Measurement of Capillary Pressure by Mercury Injection,324 Centrifuge Measurement of Capillary Pressure,330 Laboratory Procedure,330 Calculation of Centrifuge Capillary Pressure Data,333 ix
Permeability from Well Test Data, 180 Statistical Zonation Technique, 185 Problems, 193 Nomenclature, 196 Subscripts, 197 Superscripts, 198 Greek Symbols, 198 References, 198 CHAPTER 4 Formation Resistivity and Water Saturation . . . . . . . . . . 203 Formation Resistivity Factor, 204 Resistivity Measurement, 204 Determination of Formation Water Resistivity, 206 Correlation between FR and Porosity, 2 17 Correlations between FR and Tortuosity, 2 19 Correlations between FR and Cementation, 221 Theoretical Formula for FR, 224 Correlation between FR and Water Saturation, 229 Correlation between FR and Permeability, 239 Water Saturation in Shaly (Clayey) Reservoir Rocks, 243 Approximate Shale Relationship, 249 Generalized Shale Relationship, 250 Resistivity of Shaly (Clayey) Reservoir Rocks, 242 Flow Units for Shaly Sandstones, 253 Lab-Derived Evaluation of Shaly (Clayey) Reservoir Rocks, 257 Log-Derived Evaluation of Shaly (Clayey) Reservoir Rocks, 283 Formation Evaluation, 283 Core Analysis, 284 Well Log Analysis, 285 Problems, 301 Nomenclature, 305 Subscripts, 308 Greek Symbols, 308 References, 309 CHAPTER 5 Capillary Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 Capillary Pressure, 3 13 Derivation of the Capillary Pressure Equation, 3 14 Capillary Rise, 318 Capillary Pressure J-Function, 320 Semipermeable Disk Measurement of Capillary Pressure, 322 Measurement of Capillary Pressure by Mercury Injection, 324 Centrifuge Measurement of Capillary Pressure, 330 Laboratory Procedure, 330 Calculation of Centrifuge Capillary Pressure Data, 333
Limiting Centrifuge Speed,334 Approximate Calculation of the Inlet Saturation,336 Theoretically Exact Calculation of the Inlet Saturation,338 Pore Size Distribution,342 Vertical Saturation Profile in a Reservoir,346 Capillary Number,352 Problems,355 Nomenclature,356 Greek Symbols,357 References,357 CHAPTER6 Wettability。。。····· 。360 Wettability,360 Interfacial Tension,361 Contact Angle,362 Sessile Drop Measurement of Contact Angles,364 Wilhelmy Plate Measurement of Contact Angles,366 Surface Chemical Properties,367 Evaluation of Wettability,371 Amott Wettability Index,371 USBM Wettability Index,373 Combined Amott-USBM Wettability Test,375 Spontaneous Imbibition Wettability Test,377 Fluid Displacement Energy,378 Water-Oil-Rock Interfacial Activity,382 Effect of Wettability on Oil Recovery,384 Effect of Brine Salinity on Oil Recovery,389 Alteration of Wettability,390 Treatment of the Rock.390 Addition of Fluid-Soluble Compounds to Water and Oil,391 Aging the Oil-Brine-Rock System,394 Effects of Temperature and Pressure,395 Restoration of Original Wettability,397 Effect of Wettability on Electrical Properties,398 Problems,403 Nomenclature,404 Greek Symbols,405 Subscripts,406 References,406 CHAPTER7 Applications of Darcy'saw·。··。·。。。。。。。·。。。。。,415 Darcy's Law,416 Linear Flow of Incompressible Fluids,417 Linear Flow of Gas,420 Darcy's and Poiseuille's Laws,424 x
Limiting Centrifuge Speed, 334 Approximate Calculation of the Inlet Saturation, 336 Theoretically Exact Calculation of the Inlet Saturation, 338 Pore Size Distribution, 342 Vertical Saturation Profile in a Reservoir, 346 Capillary Number, 352 Problems, 355 Nomenclature, 356 References, 357 Greek Symbols, 357 CHAPTER 6 Wettability, 360 Wettability.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .360 Interfacial Tension, 361 Contact Angle, 362 Sessile Drop Measurement of Contact Angles, 364 Wilhelmy Plate Measurement of Contact Angles, 366 Surface Chemical Properties, 367 Amott Wettability Index, 371 USBM Wettability Index, 373 Combined Amott-USBM Wettability Test, 375 Spontaneous Imbibition Wettability Test, 377 Fluid Displacement Energy, 378 Effect of Wettability on Oil Recovery, 384 Effect of Brine Salinity on Oil Recovery, 389 Treatment of the Rock, 390 Addition of Fluid-Soluble Compounds to Water and Oil, 391 Aging the Oil-Brine-Rock System, 394 Effects of Temperature and Pressure, 395 Restoration of Original Wettability, 397 Efect of Wettability on Electrical Properties, 398 Problems, 403 Nomenclature, 404 Greek Symbols, 405 Subscripts, 406 Evaluation of Wettability, 371 Waterail-Rock Interfacial Activity, 382 Alteration of Wettability, 390 References, 406 CHAPTER 7 Applications of Darcy’s Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .415 Darcy’s Law, 416 Linear Flow of Incompressible Fluids, 4 17 Linear Flow of Gas, 420 Darcy’s and Poiseuille’s Laws, 424 X
Linear Flow through Fractures and Channels,425 Flow through Fractures,426 Flow through Solution Channels,431 Radial Flow Systems,434 Steady-state Flow,435 Pseudosteady-state Flow,437 Radial Laminar Flow of Gas,447 Turbulent Flow of Gas,452 Linear Turbulent Flow,452 Friction Factor of Porous Rocks,459 Turbulent Radial Flow,466 Multiple-Permeability Rocks,469 Layered Reservoirs with Crossflow,469 Layered Reservoirs without Crossflow,470 Composite reservoirs,474 Problems.479 Nomenclature,483 Greek Symbols,484 References,484 CHAPTER8 Naturally Fractured Reservoirs。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。488 Introduction,488 Origin of Permeability in Carbonate Rocks,490 Geological Classifications of Natural Fractures,490 Engineering Classification of Naturally Fractured Reservoirs,492 Indicators of Natural Fractures,495 Visual Identification of Fractures,500 Petrophysical Properties of Naturally Fractured Rocks,500 Fracture Porosity Determination,502 Porosity Partitioning Coefficient,506 Fracture Intensity Index,511 Permeability-Porosity Relationships in Double Porosity Systems,515 Porosity and Permeability Relationships in Type 1 Naturally Fractured Reservoirs,518 Fractures Porosity and Aperture from Cores,520 Specific Area of Fractures,524 Effect of Fracture Shape,526 Hydraulic Radius of Fractures,527 Type 2 Naturally Fractured Reservoirs,529 Fluid Flow Modeling in Fractures,531 Fracture Area,531 Fracture Storage Capacity,532 Fracture Conductivity,533 Characterizing Natural Fractures from Well Test Data,534 Problems,548 xi
Linear Flow through Fractures and Channels, 425 Flow through Fractures, 426 Flow through Solution Channels, 43 1 Steady-state Flow, 435 Pseudosteady-state Flow, 437 Radial Laminar Flow of Gas, 447 Turbulent Flow of Gas, 452 Linear Turbulent Flow, 452 Friction Factor of Porous Rocks, 459 Turbulent Radial Flow, 466 Layered Reservoirs with Crossflow, 469 Layered Reservoirs without Crossflow, 470 Composite reservoirs, 474 Radial Flow Systems, 434 Multiple-Permeability Rocks, 469 Problems, 479 Nomenclature, 483 References, 484 Greek Symbols, 484 CHAPTER 8 Naturally Fractured Reservoirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488 Introduction, 488 Origin of Permeability in Carbonate Rocks, 490 Geological Classifications of Natural Fractures, 490 Engineering Classification of Naturally Fractured Reservoirs, 492 Indicators of Natural Fractures, 495 Visual Identification of Fractures, 500 Petrophysical Properties of Naturally Fractured Rocks, 500 Fracture Porosity Determination, 502 Porosity Partitioning Coefficient, 506 Fracture Intensity Index, 51 1 Permeability-Porosity Relationships in Double Porosity Systems, 515 Porosity and Permeability Relationships in Type 1 Naturally Fractured Reservoirs, 518 Fractures Porosity and Aperture from Cores, 520 Specific Area of Fractures, 524 Effect of Fracture Shape, 526 Hydraulic Radius of Fractures, 527 Type 2 Naturally Fractured Reservoirs, 529 Fracture Area, 531 Fracture Storage Capacity, 532 Fracture Conductivity, 533 Fluid Flow Modeling in Fractures, 531 Characterizing Natural Fractures from Well Test Data, 534 Problems, 548 xi
Nomenclature,550 Subscripts,550 Greek Symbols,551 References,551 CHAPTER 9 Effect of Stress on Reservoir Rock Properties。。。。。。。。。。554 Static Stress-Strain Relation,555 Stress Analysis,556 Strain Analysis,559 Two-Dimensional Stress-Strain Systems,560 Rock Deformation,561 Hooke's Law,562 Stress-Strain Diagrams,571 The Mohr Diagram,574 Dynamic Elastic Properties,577 Rock Strength and Hardness,580 Rock Hardness,584 Compressibility of Porous Rocks,586 Pore Compressibility,586 Effectiveness of Pore Pressure in Countering Stress,591 Effect of Pore Compressibility on Reserves Calculations,594 Converting Lab Data to Reservoir Data,596 Effect of Stress on Core Data,599 Effect of Stress on Porosity,600 Effect of Stress on Permeability,603 Effect of Stress on Resistivity,604 Porosity-Permeability-Stress Relationship,606 Effect of Stress on Fracturing,621 Effect of Poisson's Ratio on Fracture Gradient,621 FG for Offshore Wells,626 Effect of Poisson's Ratio on Fracture Dimensions,632 In-Situ Stress Distribution,637 Effect of Stress Change on Rock Failure,643 Change in Stress Field Due to Depletion and Repressurization,644 Stress Relationship at the Wellbore,645 Estimating Critical Borehole Pressure in Vertical Wells,646 Critical Borehole Pressure in Horizontal Wells,647 Critical Pore Pressure,649 Example of a North Sea Reservoir,650 Porosity as Strength Indicator to Evaluate Sand Production,653 Problems,659 Nomenclature,664 Subscripts,664 Greek Symbols,665 References,666 xii
Nomenclature, 550 Subscripts, 550 Greek Symbols, 551 References, 551 CHAPTER 9 Effect of Stress on Reservoir Rock Properties a a a a a a a a a 554 Static Stress-Strain Relation, 555 Stress Analysis, 556 Strain Analysis, 559 Two-Dimensional Stress-Strain Systems, 560 Rock Deformation, 561 Hooke’s Law, 562 Stressstrain Diagrams, 571 The Mohr Diagram, 574 Dynamic Elastic Properties, 577 Rock Strength and Hardness, 580 Rock Hardness, 584 Compressibility of Porous Rocks, 586 Pore Compressibility, 586 Effectiveness of Pore Pressure in Countering Stress, 591 Effect of Pore Compressibility on Reserves Calculations, 594 Converting Lab Data to Reservoir Data, 596 Effect of Stress on Porosity, 600 Effect of Stress on Permeability, 603 Effect of Stress on Resistivity, 604 Porosity-Permeability-Stress Relationship, 606 Effect of Stress on Fracturing, 62 1 Effect of Stress on Core Data, 599 Effect of Poisson’s Ratio on Fracture Gradient, 621 FG for Offshore Wells, 626 Effect of Poisson’s Ratio on Fracture Dimensions, 632 In-Situ Stress Distribution, 637 Effect of Stress Change on Rock Failure, 643 Change in Stress Field Due to Depletion and Repressurization, 644 Stress Relationship at the Wellbore, 645 Estimating Critical Borehole Pressure in Vertical Wells, 646 Critical Borehole Pressure in Horizontal Wells, 647 Critical Pore Pressure, 649 Example of a North Sea Reservoir, 650 Porosity as Strength Indicator to Evaluate Sand Production, 653 Problems, 659 Nomenclature, 664 Subscripts, 664 Greek Symbols, 665 References. 666 xii
CHAPTER 10 Fluid-Rock Interactions。。·。。。。。。。。。。。。·。。。。·。671 Importance of Near-Wellbore Permeability,671 Nature of Permeability Damage,674 Origin of Permeability Damage,675 Types of Permeability Damage,677 Effect of Fines Migration on Permeability,685 Types and Sizes of Fines,686 Fines Migration,695 Migration of Foreign Solids,709 Critical Velocity Concept,709 Entrainment and Surface Deposition,710 Entrainment and Plugging,714 Identification of Permeability Damage Mechanisms,719 Permeability Damage from Foreign Solids,720 Permeability Damage from Formation Fines,726 Effect of Water Quality on Permeability,731 External Filter Cake Buildup,734 Internal Filter Cake Buildup,736 Injectivity Decline from Plugging of Perforations,740 Impairment from Wellbore Fillup,742 Membrane Filtration Tests,744 Core Filtration Tests,747 Problems,756 Nomenclature,757 Subscripts,758 Symbols,758 References,759 APPENDIX Measurement of Rock and Fluid Properties.......763 EXPERIMENT 1 Fluid Content of Rocks by the Retort Method。。。。·。。·。。764 Introduction,764 Equipment and Procedures,765 Equipment,765 Retort Specimen,765 Retort Calibration,766 Retorting,766 Sample Calculations,766 Retort Calibration,766 Results from the 'Test Specimen,767 Saturation Calculations,767 Questions and Problems,767 References,768 xiii
CHAPTER 10 Fluid-Rock Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671 Importance of Near-Wellbore Permeability, 67 1 Nature of Permeability Damage, 674 Origin of Permeability Damage, 675 Types of Permeability Damage, 677 Effect of Fines Migration on Permeability, 685 Types and Sizes of Fines, 686 Fines Migration, 695 Migration of Foreign Solids, 709 Critical Velocity Concept, 709 Entrainment and Surface Deposition, 710 Entrainment and Plugging, 714 Identification of Permeability Damage Mechanisms, 7 19 Permeability Damage from Foreign Solids, 720 Permeability Damage from Formation Fines, 726 Effect of Water Quality on Permeability, 73 1 External Filter Cake Buildup, 734 Internal Filter Cake Buildup, 736 Injectivity Decline from Plugging of Perforations, 740 Impairment from Wellbore Fillup, 742 Membrane Filtration Tests, 744 Core Filtration Tests, 747 Problems, 756 Nomenclature, 757 Subscripts, 758 Symbols, 758 References, 759 APPENDIX Measurement of Rock and Fluid Properties . . . . . . .763 EXPERIMENT 1 Fluid Content of Rocks by the Retort Method. . . . . . . 764 Introduction, 764 Equipment and Procedures, 765 Equipment, 765 Retort Specimen, 765 Retort Calibration, 766 Retorting, 766 Sample Calculations, 766 Retort Calibration, 766 Results from the Test Specimen, 767 Saturation Calculations, 767 Questions and Problems, 767 References, 768 xiii
EXPERIMENT 2 Measurement of Saturation by Extraction。。。。。··。。·。。769 Introduction,769 Equipment and Procedures,770 Sample Calculations,771 Questions and Problems,771 References,772 EXPERIMENT3 Density,Specific Gravity,and API Gravity。。。·。。·。。··。773 Introduction,773 Equipment and Procedures,774 Measurement of API Gravity,774 Westphal Balance,775 Questions and Problems,776 References,776 EXPERIMENT4 Specific Gravity of Gases。·。。 777 Introduction,777 Equipment and Procedures,777 Sample Calculations,779 Questions and Problems,779 References,779 EXPERIMENT5 Viscosity。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。.780 Introduction,780 Equipment and Procedures,780 Cannon-Fenske Viscometer,781 Questions and Problems,783 References,783 EXPERIMENT6 Fluorescence·。。。··。··。。···。··784 Introduction,784 Equipment and Procedures,785 Questions and Problems,786 References,786 EXPERIMENT7 Absolute and Effective Porosity。·。.·。··。·。。····,787 Introduction,787 Equipment and Procedures,788 Absolute Porosity from Grain Volume,788 Grain and Bulk Volumes,789 xiv
EXPERIMENT 2 Measurement of Saturation by Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . 769 Introduction, 769 Equipment and Procedures, 770 Sample Calculations, 771 Questions and Problems, 771 References, 772 EXPERIMENT 3 Density, Specific Gravity, and API Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . 773 Introduction, 773 Equipment and Procedures, 774 Measurement of API Gravity, 774 Westphal Balance, 775 Questions and Problems, 776 References, 776 EXPERIMENT 4 Specific Gravity of Gases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .777 Introduction, 777 Equipment and Procedures, 777 Sample Calculations, 779 Questions and Problems, 779 References, 779 EXPERIMENT 5 Viscosity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .780 Introduction, 780 Equipment and Procedures, 780 Cannon-Fenske Viscometer, 78 1 Questions and Problems, 783 References, 783 EXPERIMENT 6 Fluorescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784 Introduction, 784 Equipment and Procedures, 785 Questions and Problems, 786 References, 786 EXPERIMENT 7 Absolute and Effective Porosity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787 Introduction, 787 Equipment and Procedures, 788 Absolute Porosity from Grain Volume, 788 Grain and Bulk Volumes, 789 xiv
Effective Porosity,790 Summary,790 Porosity Measurement by Mercury Injection,790 Porosity Measurement by Gas Compression/Expansion,791 Statistical Evaluation of Porosity Data,794 Questions and Problems,797 References,797 EX P ERIMENT 8 Particle Size Distribution。。。。。 Introduction,798 Equipment and Procedures,798 Sieve Analysis Procedure,801 Questions and Problems,803 References,803 EX P E R IMENT 9 Surface Area of Sediments。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。804 Introduction,804 Equipment and Procedure,805 Questions and Problems,811 References,811 EXPERIMENT 10 Absolute Permeability。·。。·。。。。。,。··。813 Introduction,813 Equipment and Procedures,814 Absolute Permeability Using a Liquid,814 Absolute Permeability Using a Gas,815 Effect of Overburden Pressure on Absolute Permeability,817 Sample Calculations,817 Run1,818 Run2,818 Sample Calculation 1,819 Sample Calculation 2,820 Questions and Problems,820 References,821 EXPERIMENT 11 Verification of the Klinkenberg Effect。。。。。。。。。。。。。。822 Introduction,822 Equipment and Procedures,822 Sample Calculations,823 Experimental Data,823 Questions and Problems,825 References,825 XU
Effective Porosity, 790 Summary, 790 Porosity Measurement by Mercury Injection, 790 Porosity Measurement by Gas Compression/Expansion, 79 1 Statistical Evaluation of Porosity Data, 794 Questions and Problems, 797 References, 797 EXPERIMENT 8 Particle Size Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798 Introduction, 798 Equipment and Procedures, 798 Questions and Problems, 803 References, 803 Sieve Analysis Procedure, 80 1 EXPERIMENT 9 Surface AreaofSediments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804 Introduction, 804 Equipment and Procedure, 805 Questions and Problems, 81 1 References, 81 1 EXPERIMENT 10 Absolute Permeability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813 Introduction, 813 Equipment and Procedures, 814 Absolute Permeability Using a Liquid, 814 Absolute Permeability Using a Gas, 8 15 Effect of Overburden Pressure on Absolute Permeability, 817 Run 1,818 Run 2,818 Sample Calculation 1, 819 Sample Calculation 2, 820 Sample Calculations, 817 Questions and Problems, 820 References, 82 1 EXPERIMENT 11 Verification of the Klinkenberg Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822 Introduction, 822 Equipment and Procedures, 822 Sample Calculations, 823 Experimental Data, 823 Questions and Problems, 825 References, 825 xu
EX PERIMENT 12 Relative Permeability。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。826 Introduction,826 Steady-State Method,827 Unsteady-State Method,828 Equipment and Procedures,828 Questions and Problems,833 References,834 EX PE RIMENT 13 Basic Well Log Petrophysical Parameters。。。。。。 ···。。。835 Introduction,835 Equipment and Procedures,837 Resistivity of the Formation Water,837 Rock Resistivity Saturated with Brine,837 Sample Calculations,839 Questions and Problems,840 References,840 EXPERIMENT 14 Surface and Interfacial Tensions。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。841 Introduction,841 Equipment and Procedures,841 Sample Calculations,844 Questions and Problems,844 References,845 EX P ERI MEN T 15 Capillary Pressure。·。。。。。。。。。。。·。。·。。。。。。。。846 Introduction,846 Equipment and Procedures,847 Core Preparation for Capillary Pressure Measurement,847 Mercury Injection Method,848 Porous Diaphragm Method,848 Centrifuge Method,850 Sample Calculations,856 Questions and Problems,858 References,861 EXPERIMENT 16 Pore Size Distribution.·。··。。,··。。。。··。。。。·。.862 Introduction,862 Equipment and Procedures,863 Sample Calculations,864 Questions and Problems,864 References,865 xvi
EXPERIMENT 12 Relative Permeability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826 Introduction, 826 Steady-State Method, 827 Unsteady-State Method, 828 Equipment and Procedures, 828 Questions and Problems, 833 References, 834 EXPERIMENT 13 Basic Well Log Petrophysical Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . 835 Introduction, 835 Equipment and Procedures, 837 Resistivity of the Formation Water, 837 Rock Resistivity Saturated with Brine, 837 Sample Calculations, 839 Questions and Problems, 840 References, 840 EXPERIMENT 14 Surface and Interfacial Tensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841 Introduction, 841 Equipment and Procedures, 84 1 Sample Calculations, 844 Questions and Problems, 844 References, 845 EXPERIMENT 15 Capillary Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . 846 Introduction, 846 Equipment and Procedures, 847 Core Preparation for Capillary Pressure Measurement, 847 Mercury Injection Method, 848 Porous Diaphragm Method, 848 Centrifuge Method, 850 Sample Calculations, 856 Questions and Problems, 858 References, 861 EXPERIMENT 16 Pore Size Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862 Introduction, 862 Equipment and Procedures, 863 Sample Calculations, 864 Questions and Problems, 864 References, 865 xvi
