Conversational Implicature Relevance Theory 网口啊L
Conversational Implicature & Relevance Theory
、 Outline Introduction PragmatIcs Principles underlying the implicature phenomenon Types of implicature Examples
Outline • Introduction • Pragmatics • Principles underlying the implicature phenomenon • Types of implicature • Examples
Introduction Pragmatics Implicature= anything that is inferred from an utterance but that is not a condition for the truth of the utterance. (Gazdar, 1979) Presupposition -anything that is presupposed to be true given an utterance
Introduction • Pragmatics • Implicature = anything that is inferred from an utterance but that is not a condition for the truth of the utterance. (Gazdar, 1979) • Presupposition = anything that is presupposed to be true given an utterance
Presupposition Possible criterion: given an utterance U, the proposition p that is inferred by listener from both U and not U is a presupposition Example The king of france is bold The king of france is not bold From both sentences, the affirmation and the negation we infer that there is a king of france
Presupposition • Possible criterion: given an utterance U, the proposition p that is inferred by listener from both U and not U is a presupposition • Example: • The king of France is bold. • The king of France is not bold. From both sentences, the affirmation and the negation, we infer that there is a king of France
Implicature Implicatures are inferred based on the assumption that the speaker observes or flouts some principles of cooperation(different authors have identified different principles) Grice -4 principles(so called"maximS) Levinson(1981), Horn (1984)-2 principles
Implicature • Implicatures are inferred based on the assumption that the speaker observes or flouts some principles of cooperation (different authors have identified different principles) • Grice – 4 principles (so called “maxims”) • Levinson (1981), Horn (1984) – 2 principles
Grice Principles Quantity maxim the communication must be adequately but not overly informative Quality maxim the speaker does not believe it to be false and has adequate evidence for his statement Maxim of relation or relevance the communication must be relevant · Maxim of manner the communication must be clear, unambiguous brief, and orderly
Grice Principles • Quantity maxim • the communication must be adequately but not overly informative • Quality maxim • the speaker does not believe it to be false and has adequate evidence for his statement • Maxim of relation or relevance • the communication must be relevant • Maxim of manner • the communication must be clear, unambiguous, brief, and orderly
Ep Grice Principles, reduced form The Q-principle Say as much as you can(given D) The I-principle Say no more than you must(given Q
Grice Principles, reduced form • The Q-principle • Say as much as you can (given I) • The I-principle • Say no more than you must (given Q)
F Types of Implicatures Standard implicature-based on the assumption that the speaker observes the cooperation principles A: Ive just run out of petrol B: There is a garage just around the corner B infers that he can find oil at the garage
Types of Implicatures • Standard implicature – based on the assumption that the speaker observes the cooperation principles • A: I’ve just run out of petrol. • B: There is a garage just around the corner. B infers that he can find oil at the garage
F Types of Implicatures Flouting implicatures- based on the assumption that the speaker deliberately flouts one of the communication principles A: The capital of morocco is Casablanca B: Yes. and the capital of u.K. is moskow a infers that his statement was wrong
Types of Implicatures • Flouting implicatures – based on the assumption that the speaker deliberately flouts one of the communication principles • A: The capital of Morocco is Casablanca • B: Yes, and the capital of U.K. is Moskow A infers that his statement was wrong
F Types of Implicatures, another classification Generalized implicatures -inferred without a special reference to context John walked into a house yesterday Infer that the house was not john's house Particularized implicatures inferred only due to a special context A: Can you tell me the time? B: Well. the milkman is here It must be the time when the milkman comes
Types of Implicatures, another classification • Generalized implicatures – inferred without a special reference to context: • John walked into a house yesterday. • Infer that the house was not John’s house • Particularized implicatures – inferred only due to a special context • A: Can you tell me the time? • B: Well, the milkman is here. It must be the time when the milkman comes