Contemporary British Culture Society (5) Chapter 5 Work Xiao Huiyun October 2005
Contemporary British Culture & Society ( 5 ) Chapter 5 Work Xiao Huiyun October, 2005
A1 What is"Work”? Work: reqular paid employment Work: paid employment at a job or a trade, occupation, or profession Important -1. material consequences of work 2. the individual cultural benefits of work Unemployment having disastrous implications for the individual, identified with rejection uselessness, dependence on others, laziness and social isolation
A 1 What is “Work”? ▪ Work: regular paid employment ▪ Work: paid employment at a job or a trade, occupation, or profession ▪ Important – 1. material consequences of work 2. the individual & cultural benefits of work ▪ Unemployment – having disastrous implications for the individual, identified with rejection, uselessness, dependence on others, laziness and social isolation
A2 Pattern of Employment ype of Industry 1981 2000 2000 1.Primary 043 755 Agriculture, forestry 538 Energy and water 700 217 0.8 supply 2. Manufacturing 6,099 4285 153 3. Construction 1,102 1823 6.5 4. Services 13.142 21,106 Distribution hotels and restaurants 4.093 220 Transport and communications 1404 1.696 Finance and business 1.712 151 184 ucation and heal th 4.650 6479 1,315 1,637 Total 21386 27577
A 2 Pattern of Employment '000s % Type of Industry 1981 2000 2000 1. Primary:- 1,043 755 2.7 Agriculture, forestry, fishing 343 538 1.9 Energy and water supply 700 217 0.8 2. Manufacturing 6,099 4,285 15.3 3. Construction 1,102 1,823 6.5 4. Services:- 13,142 21,106 75.5 Distribution, hotels and restaurants 4,093 6,144 22.0 Transport and communications 1,404 1,696 6.1 Finance and business services 1,712 5,151 18.4 Public administration, education and health 4,650 6,479 23.2 Other 1,315 1,637 5.9 Total 21,386 27,677 100
A2 Pattern of Employment Total Workforce in UK: 28.6 m(2000 fig 27 million (15 million men and 12 million women were actually in employment 2.8 million were self-employed Of the total population of working age of 36.3 million, 7.7 million were 'economically inactive (early retired, women with children, adults in education and training 1.6 million clas-sified as unemployed
A 2 Pattern of Employment ▪ Total Workforce in UK: 28.6 m (2000 fig.) ▪ 27 million (15 million men and 12 million women) were actually in employment. ▪ 2.8 million were self-employed ▪ Of the total population of working age of 36.3 million, 7.7 million were ‘economically inactive’ (early retired, women with children, adults in education and training) ▪ 1.6 million clas-sified as unemployed
a2 Pattern of employment cont Unemployment rates in Uk England -- rates were lowest in the South East(3.3 per cent)and in the east (3.6 per cent) and highest in the North East and London, 9. 1 per cent and 7.0 per cent respectively Rates were also high in Scotland (7.6 per cent) and Northern Ireland(7.0 per cent)
A 2 Pattern of Employment cont ▪ Unemployment rates in Uk ▪ England -- rates were lowest in the South East(3.3 per cent) and in the East (3.6 per cent) and highest in the North East and London, 9.1 per cent and 7.0 per cent respectively. ▪ . Rates were also high in Scotland (7.6 per cent) and Northern Ireland (7.0 per cent)
A2 Pattern of Employment cont Unemployment as a percentage of the workforce 112/12/126
A 2 Pattern of Employment cont
A2 Pattern of Employment Gross weekly earnings Average gross weekly earnings of full-time employees in 2000 Were E411 Average earnings for men were f453 and for women￡338. Earnings were higher for non-manual employees f465) than for manual employees(E321) The national minimum wage was set at E3.70 per hour for those aged 22 or above The inequality in income is marginally reduced by taxation
A 2 Pattern of Employment ▪ Gross weekly earnings ▪ Average gross weekly earnings of full-time employees in 2000 were £411. ▪ Average earnings for men were £453 and for women £338. ▪ Earnings were higher for non-manual employees (£465) than for manual employees (£321). ▪ The national minimum wage was set at £3.70 per hour for those aged 22 or above. ▪ The inequality in income is marginally reduced by taxation
A2 Pattern of Employment Distribution of usual weekly hours of work: by gender, Spring 2000 United Kingdom Thousands Males Females Hours 4008001,20 1600
A 2 Pattern of Employment ▪ Distribution of usual weekly hours of work: by gender, Spring 2000 ▪ United Kingdom ▪ Thousands Males Females
a3 Getting a Job About 25% of school leavers go straight into a job at 16 the rest either continuing in full-time education or joining a government training scheme There are a number of ways in which people go about finding a job. The search for a job can involve Personal contacts Visiting potential employers in the factory or office Looking for advertisements in local and national newspapers Using the government run Job Centres, which provide information and advise potential employees on jobs in the locality Large employers will sometimes take the initiative in recruiting graduates by visiting universities to advertise job prospects available
A 3 Getting a Job ▪ About 25% of school leavers go straight into a job at 16, the rest either continuing in full-time education or joining a government training scheme. ▪ There are a number of ways in which people go about finding a job. The search for a job can involve ▪ Personal contacts ▪ Visiting potential employers in the factory or office ▪ Looking for advertisements in local and national newspapers ▪ Using the government run 'Job Centres', which provide information and advise potential employees on jobs in the locality ▪ Large employers will sometimes take the initiative in recruiting graduates by visiting universities to advertise job prospects available
A 4 Unions Management Trade unions first formed in the early stages of the Industrial Revolution, by groups of industrial workers who suffered from extremely low pay and bad working conditions In 1999 there were 242 trade unions in the uK with 7. 8 million members of which almost 1/ 3 were women ver one third of all trade unionists belong to white collar unions There are four types of union General Unions, which represent workers in a range of industries Craft Unions, which represent workers from a group of industries who share a particular ski Industrial Unions, which represent workers in a particular industry whatever their skill e.g. The National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) White Collar Unions, which represent non-manual workers e.g.The National Union of Teachers(NUT)
A 4 Unions & Management ▪ Trade unions: first formed in the early stages of the Industrial Revolution, by groups of industrial workers who suffered from extremely low pay and bad working conditions ▪ In 1999 there were 242 trade unions in the UK with 7.8 million members, of which almost 1/3 were women. ▪ Over one third of all trade unionists belong to white collar unions ▪ There are four types of union: ▪ General Unions, which represent workers in a range of industries. ▪ Craft Unions, which represent workers from a group of industries who share a particular skill ▪ Industrial Unions, which represent workers in a particular industry whatever their skill e.g. The National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) ▪ White Collar Unions, which represent non-manual workers e.g. The National Union of Teachers (NUT)