Unit 8 Section A Legal and moral Implications of Cloning Warm-up Questions 1. What do you know about cloning and genetic engineering? 2. Do you want to cloning yourself once human cloning becomes reality? 3. Will genetic engineering play a positive role or a negative role in our daily life? Related Information Cloning is the process of making a genetically identical organism through nonsexual means. It has been used for many years to produce plants(even growing a plant from a cutting is a typ cloning). Animal cloning has been the subject of scientific experiments for years, but garnered little attention until the birth of the first cloned mammal in 1997, a sheep named Dolly. Since Dolly, several scientists have cloned other animals, including cows and mice. The recent success in cloning animals has sparked fierce debates among scientists, politicians and the general public about the use and moral ity of cloning plants, animals and possibly humans 1. How Cloning works dolly In 1997, cloning was revolutionized when lan Wilmut and his colleagues at the roslin Institute in Edinburgh, Scotland, successfully cloned a sheep named Dolly. Dolly was the first cloned mammal. Wilmut and his colleagues transplanted a nucleus from a mammary gland cell of a Finn Dorsett sheep into the enucleated egg of a Scottish blackface ewe. The nucleus-egg combination stimulated with electricity to fuse the two and to stimulate cell division. The new cell divided and was placed in the uterus of a blackface ewe to develop. Dolly was born months later. Diagram of the nuclear transfer procedure that produced the first cloned mammals Dolly was shown to be genetically identical to the Finn Dorsett mammary cells and not to the blackface ewe, which clearly demonstrated that she was a successful clone(it took 276 attempts before the experiment 2. Three types of cloning 1) Embryo cloning This is a medical technique which produce monozygotic(identical)twins or triplets. It duplicates the process that nature uses to produces twins or triplets. One or more cells are removed from a fertilized embryo and encouraged to develop into one or more duplicate embryo. Twins or triplicates are thus formed, with identical DAN. This has been done for many years on various species of animals; only very limited experimentation has been done on humans 2) Adult DNA cloning(a.k.a. reproductive cloning) This technique which is intended to produce a duplicate of an existing animal. It has been used to clone a sheep and other mammals. The dNa from an ovum is removed and replaced with the DNA from a cell removed from an adult animal. Then, the fertilized ovum, now called a pre-embryo, is implanted It had not been tried on humans. It is specifically forbidden by law in many countries. There are rumors that Dr. Severino Aninori has successfully initiated a pregnancy through reproductive cloning. It has the potential of producing a twin of an existing person. Based on previous animal tudies, it also has the potential of producing severe genetic defects. For the latter reason alone, many medical ethicists consider it to be a profoundly immoral procedure when done on humans This is a procedure whose initial stages are identical to adult DNA cloning However, the stem
Unit 8 Section A Legal and Moral Implications of Cloning Warm-up Questions 1. What do you know about cloning and genetic engineering? 2. Do you want to cloning yourself once human cloning becomes reality? 3. Will genetic engineering play a positive role or a negative role in our daily life? Related Information Cloning is the process of making a genetically identical organism through nonsexual means. It has been used for many years to produce plants (even growing a plant from a cutting is a type of cloning). Animal cloning has been the subject of scientific experiments for years, but garnered little attention until the birth of the first cloned mammal in 1997, a sheep named Dolly. Since Dolly, several scientists have cloned other animals, including cows and mice. The recent success in cloning animals has sparked fierce debates among scientists, politicians and the general public about the use and morality of cloning plants, animals and possibly humans. 1. How Cloning Works Dolly In 1997, cloning was revolutionized when Ian Wilmut and his colleagues at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, Scotland, successfully cloned a sheep named Dolly. Dolly was the first cloned mammal. Wilmut and his colleagues transplanted a nucleus from a mammary gland cell of a Finn Dorsett sheep into the enucleated egg of a Scottish blackface ewe. The nucleus-egg combination was stimulated with electricity to fuse the two and to stimulate cell division. The new cell divided and was placed in the uterus of a blackface ewe to develop. Dolly was born months later. Diagram of the nuclear transfer procedure that produced the first cloned mammals Dolly was shown to be genetically identical to the Finn Dorsett mammary cells and not to the blackface ewe, which clearly demonstrated that she was a successful clone (it took 276 attempts before the experiment was successful). 2. Three types of cloning 1) Embryo cloning This is a medical technique which produce monozygotic (identical) twins or triplets. It duplicates the process that nature uses to produces twins or triplets. One or more cells are removed from a fertilized embryo and encouraged to develop into one or more duplicate embryo. Twins or triplicates are thus formed, with identical DAN. This has been done for many years on various species of animals; only very limited experimentation has been done on humans. 2) Adult DNA cloning (a.k.a. reproductive cloning) This technique which is intended to produce a duplicate of an existing animal. It has been used to clone a sheep and other mammals. The DNA from an ovum is removed and replaced with the DNA from a cell removed from an adult animal. Then, the fertilized ovum, now called a pre-embryo, is implanted in a womb and allowed to develop into a new animal. As of 2002-JAN, It had not been tried on humans. It is specifically forbidden by law in many countries. There are rumors that Dr. Severino Aninori has successfully initiated a pregnancy through reproductive cloning. It has the potential of producing a twin of an existing person. Based on previous animal studies, it also has the potential of producing severe genetic defects. For the latter reason alone, many medical ethicists consider it to be a profoundly immoral procedure when done on humans. 3).Therapeutic cloning (a.k.a. biomedical cloning) This is a procedure whose initial stages are identical to adult DNA cloning. However, the stem
cells are removed from the pre-embryo with the intent of producing tissue or a whole organ for transplant back into the person who supplied the DNA. The pre-embryo dies in the process. The goal of therapeutic cloning is to produce a healthy copy of a sick persons tissue or organ for transplant. This technique would be vastly superior to relying on organ transplants from other eople. The supply would be unlimited, so there would be no waiting lists. The tissue would have the sick persons original DNA; the patient would not have to take immunosuppressant drugs for the rest of their life, as is now required after transplants. There would not be any danger of organ rejection 3. What human cloning technology could do for mankind? Infertility- With cloning, infertile couples could have children. Despite getting a fair amount of publicity in the news current treatments for infertility, in terms of percentages, are not very successful. Couples go through physically and emotionally painful procedures for a small change of having children. Many couples run out of time and money without successfully having children Human cloning could make it possible for many more infertile couples to have children than ever Kidney failure- we may be able to clone kidneys for kidney transplants Leukemia. we should be able to clone the bone marrow for children and adults suffering from leukemia. This is expected to be one of the first benefits to come from cloning technology Cancer- we may learn how to switch cells on and off through cloning and thus be able to cure Cystic fibrosis- we may be able to produce effective genetic therapy against cystic fibrosis. lan colleagues are already working on this problem Spinal cord injury- we may learn to grow nerves or the spinal cord back again when they are injured. Quadriplegics might be able to get out of their wheelchairs and walk again Testing for genetic disease-cloninchnology can be used to test for and perhaps cure genetic 4. Some possible Problems with the use of cloning The biggest problem with the use of cloning on a large is scale is the decline in genetic diversity Think about it, if everyone has the same genetic material, what happens if we lose the ability to clone. We would have to resort to natural reproduction, causing us to inbreed, which will cause many problems. Also, if a population of organisms has the same genetic information, then the disease would wipe out the entire population. Helping endangered species by cloning will not help the problem. Currently, zoologists and environmental ists trying to save endangered species are not so much having trouble keeping population numbers up, but not having any animals to breed that are not cousins. The technique of nuclear transfer is also early in its developmental stages. Thus, errors are occurring when scientists carry out the procedure. For instance, it took 277 tries to produce Dolly, and Roslin scientists produced many lambs with abnormalities. If we tried to clone endangered species we could possibly kill the last females integral to the survival of a species This may be the main reason science is holding out on cloning humans Text Structure analysis characteristic writing technique that runs throughout the reading passage is listing The essay lists a number of questions about the legal and moral implications that arise from cloning. The whole essay can be divided into 4 parts 1. The first part is paragraph 1. It deals with the background situation of passage. With the success of cloning an adult mammal, a world with human clones was suddenly within reach. It was just like science fiction coming to life 2. The second part is made up of 2 paragraphs, paragraph 2 and paragraph 3. The two paragraphs
cells are removed from the pre-embryo with the intent of producing tissue or a whole organ for transplant back into the person who supplied the DNA. The pre-embryo dies in the process. The goal of therapeutic cloning is to produce a healthy copy of a sick person's tissue or organ for transplant. This technique would be vastly superior to relying on organ transplants from other people. The supply would be unlimited, so there would be no waiting lists. The tissue or organ would have the sick person's original DNA; the patient would not have to take immunosuppressant drugs for the rest of their life, as is now required after transplants. There would not be any danger of organ rejection. 3. What human cloning technology could do for mankind? Infertility - With cloning, infertile couples could have children. Despite getting a fair amount of publicity in the news current treatments for infertility, in terms of percentages, are not very successful. Couples go through physically and emotionally painful procedures for a small change of having children. Many couples run out of time and money without successfully having children. Human cloning could make it possible for many more infertile couples to have children than ever before possible. Kidney failure - we may be able to clone kidneys for kidney transplants Leukemia - we should be able to clone the bone marrow for children and adults suffering from leukemia. This is expected to be one of the first benefits to come from cloning technology. Cancer - we may learn how to switch cells on and off through cloning and thus be able to cure cancer Cystic fibrosis - we may be able to produce effective genetic therapy against cystic fibrosis. Ian Wilmut and colleagues are already working on this problem. Spinal cord injury - we may learn to grow nerves or the spinal cord back again when they are injured. Quadriplegics might be able to get out of their wheelchairs and walk again. Testing for genetic disease - cloninchnology can be used to test for and perhaps cure genetic diseases. 4. Some possible Problems with the use of cloning The biggest problem with the use of cloning on a large is scale is the decline in genetic diversity. Think about it, if everyone has the same genetic material, what happens if we lose the ability to clone. We would have to resort to natural reproduction, causing us to inbreed, which will cause many problems. Also, if a population of organisms has the same genetic information, then the disease would wipe out the entire population. Helping endangered species by cloning will not help the problem. Currently, zoologists and environmentalists trying to save endangered species are not so much having trouble keeping population numbers up, but not having any animals to breed that are not cousins. The technique of nuclear transfer is also early in its developmental stages. Thus, errors are occurring when scientists carry out the procedure. For instance, it took 277 tries to produce Dolly, and Roslin scientists produced many lambs with abnormalities. If we tried to clone endangered species we could possibly kill the last females integral to the survival of a species. This may be the main reason science is holding out on cloning humans. Text Structure Analysis The essay focuses on one central theme: the legal and moral implications of cloning. One characteristic writing technique that runs throughout the reading passage is listing. The essay lists a number of questions about the legal and moral implications that arise from cloning. The whole essay can be divided into 4 parts: 1. The first part is paragraph 1. It deals with the background situation of passage. With the success of cloning an adult mammal, a world with human clones was suddenly within reach. It was just like science fiction coming to life. 2. The second part is made up of 2 paragraphs, paragraph 2 and paragraph 3. The two paragraphs
are about the strong and immediate responses to the background situation mentioned in the first paragraph. Governments hurried to draft guidelines for an unknown future and President Clinton ordered a national commission to study the relative issues. Some countries began examining the moral implications of cloning other species. At the same time cloning has generated a long list of difficult puzzles for scientists, politicians, and philosophers just like 3. The third part is the major part of the essay, consisting of 15 paragraphs, from Paragraph 4 to Paragraph 18. In this part the author lists as many as 6 puzzles or questions on the issue of cloning. The 6 puzzles are: 1)Why would anyone want to clone a human being in the first place? 2)Will it be possible to clone the dead? 3)Would a cloned human be identical to the original? 4)What if parents decided to clone a child in order to harvest organs? 5) How would a human clone refer to the donor of its DNA? 6) What are the other implications of cloning We can find that each puzzle is answered or explained by a list of ideas, reasons, possibilities or facts. The fourth part is Paragraph 19, which is a reiteration that the list of questions could go on and people are just beginning to wonder about the future of the world after cloning Background situation: It was science fiction coming to life: With the success of cloning an adult mammal, a world with human clones was suddenly within reack Responses from governments Governments hurried to draft guidelines for an Like the Theory of Relativity, the splitting of unknown future and President Clinton ordered the atom, and the first space flight, cloning has a national commission to study the relative generated a long list of difficult puzzles for issues. Some countries began examining the scientists, politicians, and philosophers moral implications of cloning other species. Para. 3
are about the strong and immediate responses to the background situation mentioned in the first paragraph. Governments hurried to draft guidelines for an unknown future and President Clinton ordered a national commission to study the relative issues. Some countries began examining the moral implications of cloning other species. At the same time cloning has generated a long list of difficult puzzles for scientists, politicians, and philosophers just like the Theory of Relativity, the splitting of atom, and the first space flight. 3. The third part is the major part of the essay, consisting of 15 paragraphs, from Paragraph 4 to Paragraph 18. In this part the author lists as many as 6 puzzles or questions on the issue of cloning. The 6 puzzles are: 1) Why would anyone want to clone a human being in the first place? 2) Will it be possible to clone the dead? 3) Would a cloned human be identical to the original? 4) What if parents decided to clone a child in order to harvest organs? 5) How would a human clone refer to the donor of its DNA? 6) What are the other implications of cloning. We can find that each puzzle is answered or explained by a list of ideas, reasons, possibilities or facts. The fourth part is Paragraph 19, which is a reiteration that the list of questions could go on and people are just beginning to wonder about the future of the world after cloning. Background situation: It was science fiction coming to life: With the success of cloning an adult mammal, a world with human clones was suddenly within reach. Responses to the general situation: Responses from governments: Governments hurried to draft guidelines for an unknown future and President Clinton ordered a national commission to study the relative issues. Some countries began examining the moral implications of cloning other species. Para.2 Responses from scientists, etc.: Like the Theory of Relativity, the splitting of the atom, and the first space flight, cloning has generated a long list of difficult puzzles for scientists, politicians, and philosophers. Para.3
A list of puzzles or questions: 6 puzzles are listed Why would anyone want to clone a human being in the first place?(Para. 4) There are two broad categories of situations in which people want to clone a human being (Para.5) 2. Will it be possible to clone the dead?(Para. 6) In theory at least it might be possible. (Para. 7) 3. Would a cloned human be identical to the original? ( Para. 8) a cloned human is not identical to the original but most of the physical differences between originals and copies are minor that detection of them would require a sophisticated laboratory The only possible major difference is bearing children. This is a question of wait-and-see (Para9-10) 4. What if parents decided to clone a child in order to harvest organs?(Para. 11) For human beings, it would be psychologically harmful if a child sensed he was born simply as an organ donor, but for nonfatal organ transplants it seems acceptable. (Para. 12) For animals used as organ donors, it is Ok provided techniques are improved. (Para. 13) 5. How would a human clone refer to the donor of its DNA?(Para. 14) It sounds reasonable to refer to the donor as"Most honored sir or madam".(Para. 15) But an editorial director of one dictionary prefers "original" and"copy'"(Para. 16) 6. What are the other implications of cloning for society?(Para. 17) Genetic engineering will create a new (and disrespected )social class: "the clones".Whether or not they were human will cause debate. Para. 18 Conclusion: The list of questions could go on; people are just beginning to wonder about the future of the world after cloning.( Para. 19) Writing Skill: Both composition writing and paragraph writing ollow a structure of listing Sample composition for analysis can be found on textbook(page 228). Here a sample paragraph is provided for reference Making cities greener can bring us a lot of benefits. First, it can improve our environment. Trees can produce oxygen, as a result, they can provide us clean air. Furthermore, with trees around the city, the acid rain and dust storm will disappear. Second, making cities greener also means making cities beautiful. For example, Singapore is known as a beautiful garden. Because a whole country is covered with trees and flowers, everyone likes to live there. Finally, making cities greener can 在上面范文中,作者用 first, second, finally等过渡词依次列出了三个绿化城市的好处。在列 举时,有时可用下列过渡词可使文章的展开显得连贯自然:frst, second, in the first place,frst of all, to begin with, in the second place, next, also, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition, what is more, beyond that, for one thing, for another, finally
A list of puzzles or questions: 6 puzzles are listed. 1. Why would anyone want to clone a human being in the first place? (Para.4) There are two broad categories of situations in which people want to clone a human being. (Para.5) 2. Will it be possible to clone the dead? (Para.6) In theory at least it might be possible. (Para. 7) 3. Would a cloned human be identical to the original? (Para. 8) A cloned human is not identical to the original but most of the physical differences between originals and copies are minor that detection of them would require a sophisticated laboratory. The only possible major difference is bearing children. This is a question of wait- and-see. (Para. 9-10) 4. What if parents decided to clone a child in order to harvest organs? (Para.11) For human beings, it would be psychologically harmful if a child sensed he was born simply as an organ donor, but for nonfatal organ transplants it seems acceptable. (Para. 12) For animals used as organ donors, it is OK provided techniques are improved. (Para. 13) 5. How would a human clone refer to the donor of its DNA? (Para. 14) It sounds reasonable to refer to the donor as “Most honored sir or madam”. (Para.15) But an editorial director of one dictionary prefers “original” and “copy”. (Para. 16) 6. What are the other implications of cloning for society? (Para. 17) Genetic engineering will create a new (and disrespected ) social class: “the clones”. Whether or not they were human will cause debate. (Para. 18) Conclusion: The list of questions could go on; people are just beginning to wonder about the future of the world after cloning. (Para. 19) Writing Skill: Both composition writing and paragraph writing may follow a structure of listing. Sample composition for analysis can be found on textbook (page 228). Here a sample paragraph is provided for reference. Making cities greener can bring us a lot of benefits. First, it can improve our environment. Trees can produce oxygen, as a result, they can provide us clean air. Furthermore, with trees around the city, the acid rain and dust storm will disappear. Second, making cities greener also means making cities beautiful. For example, Singapore is known as a beautiful garden. Because a whole country is covered with trees and flowers, everyone likes to live there. Finally, making cities greener can benefit economically. 在上面范文中，作者用 first, second, finally 等过渡词依次列出了三个绿化城市的好处。在列 举时，有时可用下列过渡词可使文章的展开显得连贯自然：first, second, in the first place, first of all, to begin with, in the second place, next, also, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition, what is more, beyond that, for one thing, for another, finally
Word Study 1. Implication n.1)[u]sh. that is suggested or that is not openly stated.含义,暗示 ---The new report has far-reaching implications for the future broadcasting 这一新报告对广播业的前途有意味深长的暗示 2)[ u] involving or being involved,esp. In a crime牵连,卷入 The trial resulted in the implication of several major figures in the organization 审讯结果表明这个组织中几个主要人物都牵连在案。 Cf inference: conclusion based on facts or reasoning推理,推论 What inferences have you drawn from his statement? 从他的说法中你得出什么结论? *在正式英语中,通常是说话人和作者暗示( ( imply)某事,而说话人和读者推断( (infer))某事 [e ]The teacher's smile that he had forgiven John, so John became at ease again nrer rred C hinted sugg imply(指作者或说话人)暗示某事; infer(指读者和听者)推断;hint:指间接地 说. She has already hinted to me that I' ve won the prize.(她已经向我暗示说我得到了这个 奖, suggest一般指直接说出 2. clone v.克隆 In 1997, scientists announced the arrival of Dolly, the first mammal from an adult cell 1997年,科学家宣布了第一头从成体细胞克隆出的哺乳动物-多利羊的出生。 n.克隆物,无性繁殖个体 human clone人类克隆体 a clone is identical with the original animal or plant 克隆物与母体动物或植物完全相同。 cloning n. the process of making a genetically identical organism through nonsexual means elf- cloning(自我克隆) celebrity cloning(名人克隆) Whether human cloning should be legalized is still a controversial issue 克隆人类是否合法仍是个有争议的问题 3. fiction小说,虚构的事 post-modern fiction后现代小说non- fiction(记时性的)散文文学 fiction of happy childhood美好童年的想象 cf: novel(长篇)小说 story(实或虚的)故事 short story断篇小说esay散文,小 品文poet诗歌 prose散文 fable寓言 legend传说,传奇epic史诗 4. draft v. draw up起草,草拟; recruit征召,征募 -I' m still drafting the first chapter:我还在草拟第一章 He is dreaming of being drafted into the army.他梦想能被征召入伍。 n.1) manuscript草稿,草案,草图 .This is only the draft of my speech and I will polish it later 这只是我演讲稿的草稿,我会再润色的。 anker' s draft银行汇票 demand draft即期 5. prohibit v. forbid, esp. by law or rule, prevent make impossible(通过法律等)禁止,阻止, The law prohibits tobacconists from selling cigarettes to children 法律禁止烟贩向儿童出售香烟。 The high cost prohibits the widespread use of the drug.该药因成本高而无法广泛使用。 n. prohibition(美)禁酒期(1920-1933) cf; ban sb. from sth/ from doing doing(由于社会压力等官方)禁止 The government has banned the use of chemical weapons政府已禁止使用化学武器 forbid sb. to do sth.普通用词 prevent sb/sth. from doing sth阻止,防碍 stop$ b /sth. from doing sth.阻止,阻碍
Word Study 1. Implication n.1) [u] sth. that is suggested or that is not openly stated. 含义，暗示 ---The new report has far-reaching implications for the future broadcasting. 这一新报告对广播业的前途有意味深长的暗示。 2) [u] involving or being involved, esp. in a crime 牵连，卷入 ---The trial resulted in the implication of several major figures in the organization. 审讯结果表明这个组织中几个主要人物都牵连在案。 Cf. inference: conclusion based on facts or reasoning 推理，推论 ---What inferences have you drawn from his statement? 从他的说法中你得出什么结论？ *在正式英语中，通常是说话人和作者暗示(imply)某事，而说话人和读者推断(infer)某事。 [题]The teacher’s smile ___ that he had forgiven John, so John became at ease again. A. implied B. inferred C. hinted D. suggested imply（指作者或说话人）暗示某事；infer （指读者和听者）推断； hint：指间接地 说. She has already hinted to me that I’ve won the prize. (她已经向我暗示说我得到了这个 奖); suggest 一般指直接说出 2．clone v. 克隆 ---In 1997, scientists announced the arrival of Dolly, the first mammal from an adult cell. 1997 年，科学家宣布了第一头从成体细胞克隆出的哺乳动物---多利羊的出生。 n.克隆物，无性繁殖个体 human clone 人类克隆体 ---A clone is identical with the original animal or plant. 克隆物与母体动物或植物完全相同。 cloning n. the process of making a genetically identical organism through nonsexual means. self-cloning （自我克隆） celebrity cloning （名人克隆） ---Whether human cloning should be legalized is still a controversial issue. 克隆人类是否合法仍是个有争议的问题。 3． fiction 小说，虚构的事 post-modern fiction 后现代小说 non-fiction （记时性的）散文文学 fiction of happy childhood 美好童年的想象 cf. novel （长篇）小说 story （实或虚的）故事 short story 断篇小说 essay 散文，小 品文 poet 诗歌 prose 散文 fable 寓言 legend 传说，传奇 epic 史诗 4. draft v. draw up 起草，草拟；recruit 征召，征募 ---I’m still drafting the first chapter. 我还在草拟第一章。 ---He is dreaming of being drafted into the army. 他梦想能被征召入伍。 n. 1) manuscript 草稿，草案，草图 ---This is only the draft of my speech and I will polish it later. 这只是我演讲稿的草稿，我会再润色的。 Banker’s draft 银行汇票 demand draft 即期 5. prohibit v. forbid, esp. by law or rule; prevent make impossible （通过法律等）禁止，阻止， ---The law prohibits tobacconists from selling cigarettes to children. 法律禁止烟贩向儿童出售香烟。 ---The high cost prohibits the widespread use of the drug. 该药因成本高而无法广泛使用。 n. prohibition （美）禁酒期 （1920-1933） cf. ban sb. from sth./from doing doing （由于社会压力等官方）禁止 ---The government has banned the use of chemical weapons.政府已禁止使用化学武器。 forbid sb. to do sth. 普通用词 prevent sb./sth. from doing sth.阻止，防碍 stop sb./sth. from doing sth. 阻止，阻碍
[E] He ordered that parking on main street during the rush hour A be stoppe B be prohibited C was forbidden D. was banned 6. split v.( split, split, splitting) split sth /sb.(up)into(使)分裂,(使)开裂 She was splitting logs with 她正用斧子劈木头 he children split(up) Into groups.孩子们分成了小组。 n.裂缝,分裂 a split between couple那对夫妇的离异 a split in the Labor party工党的分裂 a split in the rock岩石的裂口 a split(adj) second一刹那 [e]While walking along the icy river, we could see cracks in the ic directions (89.1) A splitting B transmitting C radiating D transferring 7 degree增加,上升 The death toll mounted to100.死亡人数上升至一百人。 ---Concern is mounting over the fate of the lost expedition 对失踪探险队命运的担心与时俱进。 2)vt. prepare and prod rganize准备并进行,组织 The pop concert was mounted in a sport stadium流行歌曲演唱会是在体育场进行的。 Cf boost vt. Increase the strength or value增强力量,提高价值 boost production/ import增加产量进口 boost the team' s morale增强全队士气 boom vi. Having a period of rapid economic growth经济迅速发展时期 Business is booming in China..中国的商业正迅速发展 skyrocket vi. Increase suddenly and greatly突然迅速增长 The trade deficit has skyrocketed since the economic crisis 自经济危机以来,贸易赤字迅速上升 multiply:vt. increase in number增多,增加 Our problems have multiplied since the adoption of this new technology 自采用这项新技术来,我们的问题增多了。 ---Buy lots of raffle tickets and multiply your chances of success 多买彩票,增加你中奖的机会。 8. transplant=trans +plant trans;后跟adj/n.N.有下列意义:1)横过,横断 transatlantic2)超越 transcend3)变 化,转移 transfom, translate4)在…的另一边 transalpine(阿尔卑斯山那边的居民)5) 贯通 transfix(戳穿) n.移植,移植的器官或植物 heart transplant心脏移植 v.I) transplant sth. from…to.…; transplant sth into sth移栽,移种 transplant the seedlings into soil把幼苗移植到土壤里 2) transplant sth from.to移植(器官) transplant a kidney from one twin to another把孪生儿之一的肾脏移到另一身上 3)使移居,使迁移 He wished to transplant his family to Shanghai.他想把家迁往上海 9.gene基因 genetic code/engineering遗传密码/基因 genetIcs遗传学 10 resemble vt be alike, take after像,类似 she resembles her brother in looks她和她弟弟长得很像 resemblance n.相似;相象 resemblance to sb /sth. resemblance between A and B -- Your story bearsshows/has little or no resemblance to the faces.你说的和事实相去甚 LE ]There would be about 10 million other planets in the universe that could physically he earth A. resemble B)look after C)take on D)imitate
[题] He ordered that parking ____ on main street during the rush hour. A. be stopped B. be prohibited C. was forbidden D. was banned 6. split v. (split, split, splitting) split sth./sb. (up) into （使）分裂，（使）开裂 ---She was splitting logs with an axe. 她正用斧子劈木头。 ---The children split (up) into groups. 孩子们分成了小组。 n. 裂缝，分裂 a split between couple 那对夫妇的离异 a split in the Labor party 工党的分裂 a split in the rock 岩石的裂口 a split (adj.) second 一刹那 [题] While walking along the icy river, we could see cracks in the ice ___ in all directions.(89.1) A. splitting B. transmitting C. radiating D. transferring 7. mount 1) vi. increase in amount or degree 增加，上升 ---The death toll mounted to 100. 死亡人数上升至一百人。 ---Concern is mounting over the fate of the lost expedition. 对失踪探险队命运的担心与时俱进。 2) vt. prepare and produce，organize 准备并进行，组织 ---The pop concert was mounted in a sport stadium.流行歌曲演唱会是在体育场进行的。 Cf. boost vt. Increase the strength or value 增强力量，提高价值 boost production/import 增加产量/进口 boost the team’s morale 增强全队士气 boom vi. Having a period of rapid economic growth 经济迅速发展时期 --- Business is booming in China. 中国的商业正迅速发展。 skyrocket vi. Increase suddenly and greatly 突然迅速增长 --The trade deficit has skyrocketed since the economic crisis. 自经济危机以来，贸易赤字迅速上升。 multiply：vt. increase in number 增多，增加 --Our problems have multiplied since the adoption of this new technology. 自采用这项新技术来，我们的问题增多了。 ---Buy lots of raffle tickets and multiply your chances of success. 多买彩票，增加你中奖的机会。 8. transplant=trans +plant trans: 后跟 adj. / n. /v. 有下列意义：1)横过，横断 transatlantic 2)超越 transcend 3）变 化，转移 transform, translate 4）在……的另一边 transalpine(阿尔卑斯山那边的居民) 5） 贯通 transfix(戳穿) n. 移植，移植的器官或植物 heart transplant 心脏移植 v. 1) transplant sth. from …to…; transplant sth. into sth 移栽，移种 transplant the seedlings into soil 把幼苗移植到土壤里 2) transplant sth. from…to…移植（器官） transplant a kidney from one twin to another 把孪生儿之一的肾脏移到另一身上 3) 使移居，使迁移 --- He wished to transplant his family to Shanghai. 他想把家迁往上海。 9. gene 基因 genetic code/engineering 遗传密码/基因 genetics 遗传学 10 resemble vt. be alike, take after 像，类似 ---she resembles her brother in looks.她和她弟弟长得很像。 resemblance n. 相似；相象 resemblance to sb./sth. resemblance between A and B ---Your story bears/shows/has little or no resemblance to the faces.你说的和事实相去甚远。 [题]There would be about 10 million other planets in the universe that could physically ___the earth. A. resemble B) look after C) take on D) imitate
Cf take after(长相性格方面)像(父母) Your daughter doesn' t take after you after al!你女儿根本不像你 l1. breed(bred,bred)vi. produce(动物)繁殖产仔 -- How often do lions breed?狮子多长时间产一次崽? vt.keop( animals or plants) for the purpose of producing young animals or plants饲养,繁殖 品种,类型 -- What breed is your dog?你的狗是什么品种? [EJlt is true that a wild plant into a major food crop such as wheat requires much research time B)breeding C) Cf. raise养育小孩等,饲养(家禽):种植生产作物 rearraise feed给(人,动物)喂食,饲养 tame驯养动物 foster照顾,抚养(法律上不属于自己的孩子) cultivate耕种,耕作,种植,陶冶 1)器官 The surgeon removed the inferred organ医生切除受感染的器官。 )风琴 He plays the organ in the church他在教堂弹奏风琴 3)官方机构 - Parliament is the chief organ of government议会是政府的官方机构。 4)(集团党派的)宣传工具,机关报刊 Newspapers, Tv and radio are organs of public opinion.报纸,电视和广播是舆论工具。 Organic matter/disease有机物质/器官疾病 organism n.生物,有机体 13. nonfatal非致命的 non-前缀,常放在名词,形容词和副词前1)表示“非,无,不是” nonaligned(不接 盟的)2)表示“不重要的,无价值的” nonbook(无真实价值的书)3表示“缺少传 统或习惯上的特征 nonzero(小说戏剧中不按传统主角性格塑造的主角) fatal l) be fatal to致命的,严重的 fatal mistake造成严重后果的错误 fatal accident致命的事故 2) decisive命中注定的,决定的 His illness was fatal to our plans他生病后我们的计划落空了。 the fatal day/hour决定性的一刻/时刻 fatalism宿命论 fatality致命性 [e JThe boy cycling in the street was knocked down by a minibus and received injuries (96.6) A)fatal B)excessive C) disastrous D) exaggerated 14 code n.1)代码,密码 These criminals can find ways to break computer codes and transfer millions of dollars to their account.这些罪犯能够找到破译计算机密码的方法,从而把成千上万美元转移到他 们自己的帐户上 2)法则,法规,准则 a code of practice专业守则 the highway code公路法则 a civil code民法 vt.译成电码 Products orders should be coded according to where they will be shipped 产品定单应按产品发往地编码 Cf standard标准norm准则 criterion准则 guideline准则 principle原则 ethnics道德 准则 fundamentals基本原则 regulation规章 discipline纪律 stereotype陈规 specification规格
Cf. take after （长相性格方面）像（父母） --- Your daughter doesn’t take after you after all.你女儿根本不像你。 11. breed (bred, bred) vi. produce （动物）繁殖产仔 ---How often do lions breed? 狮子多长时间产一次崽？ vt. keep (animals or plants) for the purpose of producing young animals or plants 饲养，繁殖 breed cattle/dog/horse/flower n. 品种， 类型 ---What breed is your dog? 你的狗是什么品种？ [题]It is true that ___a wild plant into a major food crop such as wheat requires much research time. A) multiplying B) breeding C) magnifying D) generating Cf. raise 养育小孩等，饲养（家禽）； 种植生产作物 rear=raise, bring up feed 给（人，动物）喂食，饲养 tame 驯养动物 foster 照顾，抚养（法律上不属于自己的孩子） cultivate 耕种，耕作，种植， 陶冶 12．organ n. 1) 器官 ---The surgeon removed the inferred organ.医生切除受感染的器官。 2)风琴 ---He plays the organ in the church. 他在教堂弹奏风琴。 3)官方机构 ---Parliament is the chief organ of government.议会是政府的官方机构。 4) （集团党派的）宣传工具，机关报刊 ---Newspapers, Tv and radio are organs of public opinion.报纸，电视和广播是舆论工具。 Organic matter/disease 有机物质/器官疾病 organism n. 生物，有机体 13. nonfatal 非致命的 non- 前缀，常放在名词，形容词和副词前 1）表示“非，无，不是” nonaligned（不接 盟的）2)表示“不重要的，无价值的” nonbook（无真实价值的书） 3 表示“缺少传 统或习惯上的特征 nonhero（小说戏剧中不按传统主角性格塑造的主角） fatal 1) be fatal to 致命的，严重的 fatal mistake 造成严重后果的错误 fatal accident 致命的事故 2) decisive 命中注定的，决定的 ---His illness was fatal to our plans 他生病后我们的计划落空了。 the fatal day/hour 决定性的一刻/时刻 fatalism 宿命论 fatality 致命性 [题]The boy cycling in the street was knocked down by a minibus and received ___ injuries. (96.6) A) fatal B) excessive C) disastrous D) exaggerated 14 code n. 1)代码， 密码 ---These criminals can find ways to break computer codes and transfer millions of dollars to their account. 这些罪犯能够找到破译计算机密码的方法，从而把成千上万美元转移到他 们自己的帐户上。 2) 法则，法规，准则 a code of practice 专业守则 the highway code 公路法则 a civil code 民法 vt. 译成电码 --- Products orders should be coded according to where they will be shipped. 产品定单应按产品发往地编码。 Cf. standard 标准 norm 准则 criterion 准则 guideline 准则 principle 原则 ethnics 道德 准则 fundamentals 基本原则 regulation 规章 discipline 纪律 stereotype 陈规 specification 规格
15. confusion.n.1) the state of being mixed up or mistaken困惑,迷乱,分辨不清 Everyone gazed in confusion at the strange sight.每人都疑惑地凝视着这种奇怪的景象。 2) disorder混乱,骚乱 - --Her unexpected arrival threw us into total confusion 她来信很突然,使我们完全不知所措 3) the act of confusing混淆 -- here has been some confusion of names有些名字弄混了 In confusion处于混乱状态 throw sb. into confusion是某人惊慌失措 confuse v. confuse…with.把混淆起来 get/be confused困惑 be confused about 对.困惑 e] However, at times this balance is, resulting in a number of possibly unforeseen effects (98.6) A troubled C. confused D. puzzled 6. deliberate ad j.1) done on purpose故意的,毒意的 It' just a deliberate act of disobedience这是蓄意违抗的行为 2) carefully谨慎的,慎重的 She has a slow, deliberate way of talking他谈话的方式缓慢而审慎 . deliberate about/on sth.认真考虑,研讨 we have no time to deliberate on the problem我们没有时间仔细思考这个问题。 deliberation n.仔细考虑,缓慢,从容 l7 comparable adi. Be comparable to/ with sb/sth可比较的,适合相比的 The achievements of an athlete and a write are not comparable 运动员的成就和作家的成就不可相提并论。 His work is comparable with the very best他的工作可与最优秀的相比。 Cf comparative 1) involving comparison比较的 -- A comparative study of the social systems of two countries两国社会制度的对比研究 2) relative相对的 In a poor country, owning a bike is a sign of comparative wealth 在贫穷的国家里,有辆自行车就是比较富裕的象征 comparison n comparison of A and /to/with B; Comparison between A and B相比,对照 n comparison with sb/sth比得上,不亚于某人某事 compare v.1) compare A and/with/toB比较 If you compare his work with her work, you will find hers is much better 如果你把他俩的工作相比,就会发现她的好得多。 2) compare A to B说明两者相同 Poets have compared sleep to death诗人把睡眠比做死亡 3) compare with sb /sth和事物相比或值得相比 He can not compare with Shakespeare as a writer of tragedies 在悲剧写作方面他根本不能与沙士比亚相比 beyond compare无与伦比 IEJAgriculture was a step in human progress which subsequently there was not anything comparable until our own matching age (2001.1) A in B for C to d from l8 classify vt. divide things into groups according to type归类,分类 The books in the library are classified by subject图书馆的书是按科目分类的 Would you classify her novels as serious literature or as mere entertainment? 你认为她的小说属于文学类呢还是属于通俗读物类? classification n分类 classified a.分类的,保密的
15. confusion. n. 1) the state of being mixed up or mistaken 困惑，迷乱，分辨不清 ---Everyone gazed in confusion at the strange sight.每人都疑惑地凝视着这种奇怪的景象。 2) disorder 混乱，骚乱 ---Her unexpected arrival threw us into total confusion. 她来信很突然，使我们完全不知所措。 3) the act of confusing 混淆 --- There has been some confusion of names.有些名字弄混了。 In confusion 处于混乱状态 throw sb. into confusion 是某人惊慌失措 confuse v. confuse …with..把…混淆起来 get/be confused 困惑 be confused about 对…困惑 [题] However, at times this balance is ___, resulting in a number of possibly unforeseen effects. (98. 6) A. troubled B. disturbed C. confused D. puzzled 16. deliberate adj. 1) done on purpose 故意的，毒意的 ---It’s just a deliberate act of disobedience 这是蓄意违抗的行为。 2) carefully 谨慎的，慎重的 --- She has a slow, deliberate way of talking.他谈话的方式缓慢而审慎。 v. deliberate about/on sth. 认真考虑，研讨 --- we have no time to deliberate on the problem.我们没有时间仔细思考这个问题。 deliberation n. 仔细考虑，缓慢，从容 17comparable adj. Be comparable to/with sb./ sth.可比较的，适合相比的 --- The achievements of an athlete and a write are not comparable. 运动员的成就和作家的成就不可相提并论。 -- His work is comparable with the very best.他的工作可与最优秀的相比。 Cf. comparative 1) involving comparison 比较的 ---A comparative study of the social systems of two countries 两国社会制度的对比研究 2) relative 相对的 --- In a poor country, owning a bike is a sign of comparative wealth. 在贫穷的国家里，有辆自行车就是比较富裕的象征。 comparison n. comparison of A and /to/with B; Comparison between A and B 相比，对照 in comparison with sb./sth/ 比得上，不亚于某人某事 compare v. 1) compare A and/with/to B 比较 ---If you compare his work with her work, you will find hers is much better. 如果你把他俩的工作相比，就会发现她的好得多。 2) compare A to B 说明两者相同 --- Poets have compared sleep to death. 诗人把睡眠比做死亡。 3) compare with sb./sth 和事物相比或值得相比 --He can not compare with Shakespeare as a writer of tragedies. 在悲剧写作方面他根本不能与沙士比亚相比。 4) beyond compare 无与伦比 [题]Agriculture was a step in human progress ___ which subsequently there was not anything comparable until our own matching age.(2001.1) A. in B. for C. to D. from 18.classify vt. divide things into groups according to type 归类，分类 ---The books in the library are classified by subject.图书馆的书是按科目分类的。 ---Would you classify her novels as serious literature or as mere entertainment? 你认为她的小说属于文学类呢还是属于通俗读物类？ classification n 分类 classified a. 分类的，保密的
[E EMployees in post office mail according where it is to go A list B classify C, catalogue D divide is列举,列出 classify把…分类 catalogue把商品图书按某顺序编目 divide分开 Cf. categorize sth/sb.as把某物分类 - He does not like to be categorized as a socialist他不愿自己被归为社会学家。 sort(out)into sth. put sth. in particular order or arrange them in groups We must sort out the good apples from the bad into baskets 我们要把好苹果和坏苹果分开放入篮中 group: gather or form sth /sb. into a group Group together in fours每四人一组 19. debate v. discuss seriously讨论,辩论 We are just debating about what to do next我们正讨论下一步该怎么做 讨论辩论 We had long debates about politics我们长时间讨论政治问题。 Her resignation debated much public debate她辞职一事引起群众议论纷纷 [e]The television between the candidates will be held on Saturday scussion B debate C. argument D dispute 20. work for1) apply to使用与 The rules of safe driving work for everyone.安全驾驶的规章制度适用与每个人 2) make efforts to achieve sth.为.工作 r、 Many people work for the peace of the world许多人为世界的和平而工作。 work on对产生预期作用,从事(某工作) work at从事,致力于;学习,研究 Work out算出;想出,制订出 work off(通过工作,活动)除去,消除 21 within one' s reach 1)在伸手能及的范围内 The shelf is not high so it is well within the child' s reach.这架子不高,那小孩能够得着 2)近的,可到达的 The hotel is within reach of the beach这旅馆离海滩很近。 f: out of/ bevond one' s reach手不能及,或非力量,影响所能及 3)能力所能及 Not all children are always bored with questions within their reach 不是所有的小孩对能回答的问题感到厌倦 23 come to life活跃起来,表现生动 when I mentioned our plans for a trip abroad the kids came to life at once 我一提起到国外旅游的打算,孩子们立刻显得兴致勃勃 Cf come to sth.1)总计,等于 I never expected those few items to come to so much 我没想到就那么几项合计起来会要那么多钱。 2)苏醒 When he came to, he found himself in the ward.他苏醒时,发现自己在病房里 24. in the wake of随着,紧跟着 - he war brought many social changes in its wake经过了这场战争,社会发生了许多变化 Outbreaks of disease occurred in the wake of the drought那场旱灾过后疾病丛生。 in the first place首先,第 -had we known she would never have been allowed out in the first place, we would not have asked her to the evening.要是我们一开始就知道不许他出来,我们就不会请她参加晚会 ---In the first place, I can not afford it, and in the second place, I am not really interested 其一我买不起,其二我也没兴趣 26 provide for I)为.提供所需之物 The planners had not provided for a failure of the power system 计划指定者未对动力系统可能出现故障一事制定应变措施
[题]Employees in post office ____mail according where it is to go. A. list B. classify C, catalogue D. divide list 列举，列出 classify 把…分类 catalogue 把商品图书按某顺序编目 divide 分开 Cf. categorize sth./sb. as 把某物分类 ---He does not like to be categorized as a socialist.他不愿自己被归为社会学家。 sort (out) into sth. : put sth. in particular order or arrange them in groups ---We must sort out the good apples from the bad into baskets. 我们要把好苹果和坏苹果分开放入篮中。 group: gather or form sth./sb. into a group ---Group together in fours 每四人一组 19．debate v. discuss seriously 讨论，辩论 ---We are just debating about what to do next.我们正讨论下一步该怎么做。 n. 讨论辩论 We had long debates about politics.我们长时间讨论政治问题。 ---Her resignation debated much public debate.她辞职一事引起群众议论纷纷。 [题]The television ___between the candidates will be held on Saturday. A. discussion B. debate C. argument D. dispute 20．work for 1) apply to 使用与 ---The rules of safe driving work for everyone. 安全驾驶的规章制度适用与每个人。 2) make efforts to achieve sth..为…工作 ---Many people work for the peace of the world.许多人为世界的和平而工作。 Cf. work on 对…产生预期作用，从事（某工作）work at 从事，致力于；学习，研究 Work out 算出；想出，制订出 work off （通过工作，活动）除去，消除 21.within one’s reach 1) 在伸手能及的范围内 ---The shelf is not high so it is well within the child’s reach. 这架子不高，那小孩能够得着。 2) 近的，可到达的 ---The hotel is within reach of the beach. 这旅馆离海滩很近。 cf. out of/beyond one’s reach 手不能及，或非力量，影响所能及 3) 能力所能及 --- Not all children are always bored with questions within their reach. 不是所有的小孩对能回答的问题感到厌倦。 23 come to life 活跃起来，表现生动 ---When I mentioned our plans for a trip abroad, the kids came to life at once. 我一提起到国外旅游的打算，孩子们立刻显得兴致勃勃。 Cf. come to sth. 1) 总计，等于 ---I never expected those few items to come to so much. 我没想到就那么几项合计起来会要那么多钱。 2)苏醒 ---When he came to, he found himself in the ward.他苏醒时，发现自己在病房里。 24．in the wake of 随着，紧跟着 ---The war brought many social changes in its wake.经过了这场战争，社会发生了许多变化。 ---Outbreaks of disease occurred in the wake of the drought.那场旱灾过后疾病丛生。 25. in the first place 首先，第一 ---Had we known she would never have been allowed out in the first place, we would not have asked her to the evening. 要是我们一开始就知道不许他出来，我们就不会请她参加晚会。 ---In the first place, I can not afford it, and in the second place, I am not really interested. 其一我买不起，其二我也没兴趣。 26 provide for 1) 为…提供所需之物 ---The planners had not provided for a failure of the power system 计划指定者未对动力系统可能出现故障一事制定应变措施
. The right of individuals to appeal to a higher court is provided for in the constitution 个人向上级法院提出上诉,这是宪法所赋予的权利。 2) provide for sb供应某人所需(尤指生活用品) They worked hard to provide for their large family他们努力工作供养一大家子 Cf. I)provide sb with sth. provide sth for sth Can you provide accommodation for30 people?你能为30人提供住宿吗? 2) provided that. providing that.假若,除非 I will agree to go provided /providing that my expenses are paid. 假若为我负担费用我就同意去 Provided we get good weather it will be a successful holiday 如果天气好,我们的假日会非常完美 27 break apart自行分裂 Tribes grow and become powerful under brave and successful leaders, and then shrink or break apart when their chieftain is eventually defeated or killed部落在勇敢有作为的领导 人的带领下会发展壮大,而当酋长最终被击败或杀死时,部落就会畏缩乃至土崩瓦解。 Cf break off使分裂 They' ve broken their engagement他们解除了婚约 He broke off in the middle of a sentence.他一句话只说了一半就停住了。 she broke a piece of chocolate and gave it to me.她掰下一快巧克力给我。 28 in theory: theoretically理论上 Your plan sounds fine in theory, but I don't know if it will work in practice 你的计划理论上不错,但我不知道实际上是否通。 29. be identical to/with: exactly the same as与….一模一样 This picture is identical to one my mother has.这照片和我母亲的一模一样。 dentify(v.)sth/sb. as sth / sb.把认为 identify sth. with sth. identification(n)---The identification of the accident victims took some time 鉴定事故受害者需要时间 ID card identification card身份证 identity n.-- There is no clue to the identity of thief没有确定窃贼身份的线索。 f uniform, alike, duplicate相同的 be the same as be equal to be consistent与一致,相符;相同 30 what if?: what would happen if.要是怎么办?后接陈述句 What if the rumor is true?万一谣传真有其事呢? What if it rains when we can' t get under shelter?假若下雨,我们有没处躲雨怎么办? Cf supposing you came into a lot of money, what would you do? Imagine if you won a big lottery, how would you feel 31. with sth. in mind出于..日的 ---He was no longer a young man. With this in mind, he slowed down the car. 他已不是一个年轻人了。想到这,他放慢了车速。 32 get around/ round 1) overcome顺利应付某事,克服某事 Do you see a way of getting round the problem?你有解决这问题的办法吗? 2)说服某人同意或做其原先反对的事 She knows how to get round her father.她知道怎么哄他爸爸同意。 3) get around to sth/ doing sth终于能做某事,找出时间做某事 I'm very busy at the moment but I hope to get around to answering your letter next week 我现在很忙,希望下周能抽出时间给你写信。 33 refer to 1) refer to sth提及,谈到 -- This incident in his children is never again referred to.他小时侯的这件事就不再提了
---The right of individuals to appeal to a higher court is provided for in the constitution. 个人向上级法院提出上诉，这是宪法所赋予的权利。 2)provide for sb.供应某人所需（尤指生活用品） ---They worked hard to provide for their large family.他们努力工作供养一大家子。 Cf. 1)provide sb. with sth. provide sth. for sth. ---Can you provide accommodation for 30 people? 你能为 30 人提供住宿吗？ 2) provided that… providing that….假若，除非 --- I will agree to go provided /providing that my expenses are paid. 假若为我负担费用我就同意去。 ---Provided we get good weather it will be a successful holiday. 如果天气好，我们的假日会非常完美。 27.break apart 自行分裂 --- Tribes grow and become powerful under brave and successful leaders, and then shrink or break apart when their chieftain is eventually defeated or killed. 部落在勇敢有作为的领导 人的带领下会发展壮大，而当酋长最终被击败或杀死时，部落就会畏缩乃至土崩瓦解。 Cf. break off 使分裂 --- They’ve broken their engagement.他们解除了婚约。 --- He broke off in the middle of a sentence. 他一句话只说了一半就停住了。 --- she broke a piece of chocolate and gave it to me.她掰下一快巧克力给我。 28. in theory: theoretically 理论上 ---Your plan sounds fine in theory, but I don’t know if it will work in practice. 你的计划理论上不错，但我不知道实际上是否通。 29. be identical to/with: exactly the same as 与…一模一样 ---This picture is identical to one my mother has. 这照片和我母亲的一模一样。 identify(v.) sth./sb. as sth./sb. 把认为 identify sth. with sth. identification (n.) ---The identification of the accident victims took some time. 鉴定事故受害者需要时间 --- ID card identification card 身份证 identity n. ---There is no clue to the identity of thief.没有确定窃贼身份的线索。 Cf. uniform, alike, duplicate 相同的 be the same as be equal to be consistent 与…一致，相符;相同 30.what if: what would happen if…要是…怎么办？ 后接陈述句 ---What if the rumor is true? 万一谣传真有其事呢？ ---What if it rains when we can’t get under shelter? 假若下雨，我们有没处躲雨怎么办？ Cf. supposing you came into a lot of money, what would you do? Imagine if you won a big lottery, how would you feel? 31. with sth. in mind 出于……目的 ---He was no longer a young man. With this in mind, he slowed down the car. 他已不是一个年轻人了。想到这，他放慢了车速。 32. get around/round 1) overcome 顺利应付某事，克服某事 ---Do you see a way of getting round the problem? 你有解决这问题的办法吗？ 2) 说服某人同意或做其原先反对的事 --- She knows how to get round her father. 她知道怎么哄他爸爸同意。 3) get around to sth./doing sth.终于能做某事，找出时间做某事 --- I’m very busy at the moment but I hope to get around to answering your letter next week. 我现在很忙，希望下周能抽出时间给你写信。 33.refer to 1) refer to sth.提及，谈到 ---This incident in his children is never again referred to.他小时侯的这件事就不再提了