UNIT FOUR Section A Studying abroad L. Background information 1. Host family is the family that provides board and room, food, etc for overseas isitors or students 2. Christians are followers of Jesus with whom they have a personal relationship and whom they accept/receive into their lives as God s son and the way to heaven. They believe that there is one God. Most Christians are members of one of three major groups-Roman Catholic, Protestant, or Eastern Orthod Christianity has had an enormous influence on Western civilization, especially on artbusinessgovernmentandsocialrelationsSeehttp://www.riverpower.orgfor answers to some frequently asked questions about Christianity 3. Income tax is one of the taxations on individuals and companies. In many countries or regions such as the US and Western Europe income tax is one of the major financial resources of the government. It first appeared in France in 1793 4. Health insurance is a system for the advance financing of medical expenses by means of fees or taxes paid into a common fund to pay for all or part of health services specified in an insurance policy or law. Health insurance may apply to a limited or broad range of med ical services and may provide for full or partial costs of specific services. Benefits may consist of the right to certain medical serv ices or repay ing the insured for specified med ical costs and may sometimes include income benefits for working time lost owing to sickness or maternity leave Il word study 1. routine a.usua; regular日常的,常规的,例行的 routine flight常规航班 routine care例行维修 ---It is just a routine medical examination, nothing to get worried about 这只是例行体检,没什么可担心的。 n.[C,U] fixed or regular way of doing things例行公事(手续),常规 The sold iers checked on everyone as a matter of routine 士兵们按常规检查了每一个人。] [ite ] Children and old people do not like having their daily upset A habit B. routine C. practice D custom 2. host (1)C]主人,东道主 As Mr. Smith was away, Tom, the eldest son, acted as the host at the dinner. 这个城市去年接待了55万游客 (2)[C]主持人 ---Our host for tonight's show is Terry Wogan 今晚演出的主持人是泰莉·沃根 (3)(of) great number大量,许多 The research group is faced with a host of difficulties
UNIT FOUR Section A Studying Abroad I. Background Information 1. Host family is the family that provides ‘board and room’, food, etc. for overseas visitors or students. 2. Christians are followers of Jesus with whom they have a personal relationship and whom they accept/receive into their lives as God’s son and the way to heaven. They believe that there is one God. Most Christians are members of one of three major groups -- Roman Catholic, Protestant, or Eastern Orthodox. Christianity has had an enormous influence on Western civilization, especially on art, business, government, and social relations. See http://www.riverpower.org/ for answers to some frequently asked questions about Christianity. 3. Income tax is one of the taxations on individuals and companies. In many countries or regions such as the US and Western Europe income tax is one of the major financial resources of the government. It first appeared in France in 1793. 4. Health insurance is a system for the advance financing of medical expenses by means of fees or taxes paid into a common fund to pay for all or part of health services specified in an insurance policy or law. Health insurance may apply to a limited or broad range of medical services and may provide for full or partial costs of specific services. Benefits may consist of the right to certain medical services or repaying the insured for specified medical costs and may sometimes include income benefits for working time lost owing to sickness or maternity leave. II. Word Study 1. routine a. usual; regular 日常的，常规的，例行的 ---routine flight 常规航班 routine care 例行维修 ---It is just a routine medical examination, nothing to get worried about. 这只是例行体检, 没什么可担心的。 n. [C, U] fixed or regular way of doing things 例行公事（手续），常规 ---The soldiers checked on everyone as a matter of routine. 士兵们按常规检查了每一个人。 ] [试题]Children and old people do not like having their daily ____ upset. A. habit B. routine C. practice D. custom 2. host n. (1)[C] 主人，东道主 ---As Mr. Smith was away, Tom, the eldest son, acted as the host at the dinner. ---This city was host to 550,000 visitors last year. 这个城市去年接待了 55 万游客。 (2) [C] 主持人 ---Our host for tonight's show is Terry Wogan. 今晚演出的主持人是泰莉·沃根。 (3) (of) great number 大量, 许多 ---The research group is faced with a host of difficulties
vt. act as host of做……东道主(或主持人) ---Beijing will host the Olympic Games in the year of 2008 北京将于2008年主办奥运会 3. authority n (1)(usu.pl)掌权的人,掌权的一班人,当局 local authorities(市镇、郡、区等的)地方当局 (2)[C] a person with special knowledge具有专门知识的人,权威 He is a recognized authority.他是公认的权威 -He is a famous international authority on shipbuilding 他是国际著名的造船权威。 (3)凹U] power to give orders and make others obey权力,权威,权势 ---You don' t have any authority for entering this house. It's private 你们没有任何权力进入这所房子这是私宅。 4. grant vt agree to give or allow( what is asked for)准许,允许,答应给予 - -to grant a favor, request,etc.答应帮忙,请求等 - to grant sb. permission to do sth.准许某人做某事 The minister agreed to grant the journalists an interview 部长同意接受记者访问 n.[C]授予之物(尤指政府拨款、补助金、助学金) The government gave us a grant to build another classroom 政府给了我们一笔补助,用来盖另外一间教室。 ---They gave her a grant to study abroad for one year. 他们给予她一份助学金资助她出国学习一年 Lite] Their government their permission to leave the country A. allowed B. offered D 5. certificate n.证明,证书,执照 -- a certificate of birth出生证明 a marriage certificate结婚证书 academic certificate学历证书 You'll need a doctor's certificate to prove that you' ve been too ill to go to work 你得有医生证明,证明你病得不能上班了。 [试题]This shows that John has completed the school work of the eighth grade. A qualification B identificatio C. license D. certificate pecify vt. state or name clear ly( details. materials,etc.)明确说明,具体指定 ---It is specif ied that you may use a dictionary in the examination 规定考试时可使用辞典 did he specify any particular time for us to call? 他有没有指定某个时间让我们来拜访? 7. overseas a. across the sea; foreign(在、到、来自)海外的,外国的 - the overseas Chinese海外华侨 an overseas ed ition海外版 overseas students留学生。 d. across the sea; abroad在海外;在国外 --- Many more people travel overseas for their holidays now than used to be
vt. act as host of 做…… 东道主（或主持人） ---Beijing will host the Olympic Games in the year of 2008. 北京将于 2008 年主办奥运会。 3. authority n. (1) (usu. pl.)掌权的人, 掌权的一班人, 当局 ---local authorities (市镇、郡、区等的) 地方当局 (2) [C] a person with special knowledge 具有专门知识的人, 权威 ---He is a recognized authority. 他是公认的权威。 ---He is a famous international authority on shipbuilding. 他是国际著名的造船权威。 (3) [U] power to give orders and make others obey 权力，权威，权势 ---You don't have any authority for entering this house. It's private. 你们没有任何权力进入这所房子,这是私宅。 4. grant vt. agree to give or allow (what is asked for)准许，允许，答应给予 ---to grant a favor, request, etc. 答应帮忙，请求等 ---to grant sb. permission to do sth. 准许某人做某事 ---The minister agreed to grant the journalists an interview. 部长同意接受记者访问。 n. [C] 授予之物（尤指政府拨款、补助金、助学金） ---The government gave us a grant to build another classroom. 政府给了我们一笔补助，用来盖另外一间教室。 ---They gave her a grant to study abroad for one year. 他们给予她一份助学金资助她出国学习一年。 [试题]Their government ____ their permission to leave the country. A. allowed B. offered C. granted D. gave 5. certificate n. 证明，证书，执照 ---a certificate of birth.出生证明 a marriage certificate 结婚证书 academic certificate 学历证书 ---You'll need a doctor's certificate to prove that you've been too ill to go to work. 你得有医生证明，证明你病得不能上班了。 [试题]This ____ shows that John has completed the school work of the eighth grade. A. qualification B. identification C. license D. certificate 6. specify vt. state or name clearly (details, materials, etc.) 明确说明，具体指定 ---It is specified that you may use a dictionary in the examination. 规定考试时可使用辞典。 ---Did he specify any particular time for us to call? 他有没有指定某个时间让我们来拜访？ 7. overseas a. across the sea; foreign (在、到、来自) 海外的，外国的 ---the overseas Chinese 海外华侨 an overseas edition 海外版 overseas students 留学生。 ad. across the sea; abroad 在海外；在国外 --- Many more people travel overseas for their holidays now than used to be
the case.现在比以前有更多的人去海外度假 8. deduct vt. take away( an amount or part)扣除,减去 her deducted ten marks for bad hand employer deducted a pound from my wages this week 我的雇主从我本周的工钱中扣除了1英镑 (1)[U](usu.Sing)保险 personal insurance人身保险 life insurance.人寿保险 -- accident insurance意外保险 aviation insurance航空保险 (2)U] money paid by or to such a company,etc.保险费,保险金额 when her husband died she received f50.000 in insurance 她丈夫去世时,她得到了5万英镑的保险金。 0. accustomed a (1) usual惯常的 He spoke with his accustomed modesty他以惯有的谦虚态度讲话 (2)( to sth) used to(sth)习惯于 ---I'm not accustomed to getting up so early to do morning exercise The child was accustomed to having her way.这孩子任性惯了。 11. suggestion n (1)IC]所提出或建议的主意,计划,人选 .i want suggestions about what to do today ---I followed his suggestion that I lose weight (2)IC]sign细微的迹象 Her hands had no suggestion of age.她的双手毫无老年的迹象。 - I found a suggestion of anger in his remarks.我发觉他的话中有怒气 12. item n (1)IC] single article or unit in a list,etc.目录的条款,项目 m-- The restaurant has a long menu of about 50 items 这家餐馆的菜单很长,大约有50个品种 (2)[C] single piece of news(新闻的)一条 -- a front-page item头版新闻 The earthquake was the most important item of news this week 地震是本周最重要的一条新闻。 13.descendv.come,fallorsinkfromahighertoalowerlevel下来,下降 -- The sun descended over the western hills.日落西山。 He descended the ladder.他从梯子上爬下来 Liei We managed to reach the top of the mountain, and half an hour later we A decline descend C. ascend 14. await vt 1)( of a person) wait for(sb./sth)指人)等候 che is anxiously awaiting the result of the medical tests we are awaiting a call from mary (2) be ready or waiting for(sb.sth)准备以待,等待
the case. 现在比以前有更多的人去海外度假。 8. deduct vt. take away (an amount or part) 扣除，减去 ---The teacher deducted ten marks for bad handwriting. ---My employer deducted a pound from my wages this week. 我的雇主从我本周的工钱中扣除了 1 英镑。 9. insurance n. (1) [U], (usu. Sing.) 保险 ---personal insurance 人身保险 life insurance. 人寿保险 ---accident insurance 意外保险 aviation insurance 航空保险 (2) [U] money paid by or to such a company, etc. 保险费，保险金额 ---When her husband died, she received ￡50,000 in insurance. 她丈夫去世时，她得到了 5 万英镑的保险金。 10. accustomed a. (1) usual 惯常的 ---He spoke with his accustomed modesty.他以惯有的谦虚态度讲话. (2) (~ to sth.) used to (sth.) 习惯于 ---I'm not accustomed to getting up so early to do morning exercise. ---The child was accustomed to having her way. 这孩子任性惯了。 11. suggestion n. (1) [C] 所提出或建议的主意，计划，人选 ---I want suggestions about what to do today. ---I followed his suggestion that I lose weight. (2) [C] sign 细微的迹象 ---Her hands had no suggestion of age. 她的双手毫无老年的迹象。 ---I found a suggestion of anger in his remarks. 我发觉他的话中有怒气。 12. item n. (1) [C] single article or unit in a list, etc.目录的条款，项目 --- The restaurant has a long menu of about 50 items. 这家餐馆的菜单很长，大约有 50 个品种。 (2) [C] single piece of news （新闻的）一条 ---a front-page item 头版新闻 ---The earthquake was the most important item of news this week. 地震是本周最重要的一条新闻。 13. descend v. come, fall, or sink from a higher to a lower level 下来，下降 ---The sun descended over the western hills. 日落西山。 ---He descended the ladder. 他从梯子上爬下来。 [试题]We managed to reach the top of the mountain, and half an hour later we began to ____. A. decline B. descend C. ascend D. plunge 14. await vt. (1) (of a person) wait for (sb. / sth.)(指人) 等候 ---He is anxiously awaiting the result of the medical tests. ---We are awaiting a call from Mary. (2) be ready or waiting for (sb. /sth.) 准备以待，等待
.a surprise awaited us on our arrival 我们到达时,发生了一件意想不到的事 a hearty welcome awaits all our customers 15. domestic a (1) of or inside a particular country国内的,本国的 - domestic flights国内航班 domestic oil国产油 domestic wine国产酒 domestic markets国内市场 domestic and foreign news国内外新闻 (2) of the home, house or family家的,家庭的,家务的 - domestic chores家庭杂务 domestic concerns [affairs内政家务 domestic troubles家庭纠纷 domestic animals家畜 16~- She is a very domestic sort of woman她是个十足的家庭妇女。 adap vi become accustomed to new conditions,etc.使适应(新情况) - Our eyes slowly adapted to the dark.我们的眼睛慢慢地适应了黑暗。 ---When we moved to France, the children adapted to the change well 我们搬到法国时,孩子们很顺利地适应了这一变化 t.(1) make sth. suitable for a new use, situation,etc.使适应(新用途,新情况) ---Many software companies have adapted popular programs to the new operating system.许多软件公司改变了程序以适应新的操作系统 (2) change( something) for other uses改写,改编,改装 The play has been adapted for children.该剧已被改编以适合儿童观看。 -This novel has been adapted for radio from the English original 这部小说已由英文原著改编成广播剧。 [试题] The newcomers found it impossible to hemselves to the climate sufficiently to make permanent homes in the new country A. suit B adapt C regulate D coord inate 17. nourish vt (1) keep alive and well with food滋养,给予营养,养育 Most plants are nourished by water drawn up through their roots 大部分植物依赖其根所吸水分来获得营养。 well-nourished/ undernourished children营养好/不足的孩子 (2) have or increase( a feeling,etc.)持有或怀有(情绪);增进(情感) ---Lisa has long nourished the hope of becoming a famous writer 丽莎长期以来一直希望能成为一个名作家 The young man nourished a deep attraction for her. 这位年轻人深深地爱着她 18. pine vi(1) be very unhappy不快活,悲伤 ---She certainly hasn't been pining while you were away 你不在的时候她确实没有不快活过。 (2)(for) long for or miss sb.渴望,思念 ---She was pining for her mother. --They were pining to return home 19. regulation n
---A surprise awaited us on our arrival. 我们到达时，发生了一件意想不到的事。 ---A hearty welcome awaits all our customers. 15. domestic a. (1) of or inside a particular country 国内的，本国的 ---domestic flights 国内航班 domestic oil 国产油 domestic wine 国产酒 domestic markets 国内市场 domestic and foreign news 国内外新闻 (2) of the home, house or family 家的，家庭的，家务的 ---domestic chores 家庭杂务 domestic concerns [affairs]内政,家务 domestic troubles 家庭纠纷 domestic animals 家畜 ---She is a very domestic sort of woman.她是个十足的家庭妇女。 16. adapt vi. become accustomed to new conditions, etc.使适应（新情况） ---Our eyes slowly adapted to the dark. 我们的眼睛慢慢地适应了黑暗。 ---When we moved to France, the children adapted to the change well. 我们搬到法国时，孩子们很顺利地适应了这一变化。 vt. (1) make sth. suitable for a new use, situation, etc.使适应（新用途，新情况） ---Many software companies have adapted popular programs to the new operating system. 许多软件公司改变了程序以适应新的操作系统。 (2) change (something) for other uses 改写，改编, 改装 ---The play has been adapted for children. 该剧已被改编以适合儿童观看。 ---This novel has been adapted for radio from the English original. 这部小说已由英文原著改编成广播剧。 [试题]The newcomers found it impossible to ___ themselves to the climate sufficiently to make permanent homes in the new country. A. suit B. adapt C. regulate D. coordinate 17. nourish vt. (1) keep alive and well with food 滋养，给予营养，养育 ---Most plants are nourished by water drawn up through their roots. 大部分植物依赖其根所吸水分来获得营养。 ---well-nourished / undernourished children 营养好/ 不足的孩子 (2) have or increase (a feeling, etc.) 持有或怀有（情绪）；增进（情感） ---Lisa has long nourished the hope of becoming a famous writer. 丽莎长期以来一直希望能成为一个名作家。 ---The young man nourished a deep attraction for her. 这位年轻人深深地爱着她。 18. pine vi. (1) be very unhappy 不快活，悲伤 ---She certainly hasn't been pining while you were away. 你不在的时候她确实没有不快活过。 (2) (for) long for or miss sb. 渴望，思念 ---She was pining for her mother. ---They were pining to return home. 19. regulation n
(1)IC] rule made by an authority规章,规则,条例 -- fire regulations消防制度 the school regulations校规 -- keep to the regulations遵守规则 laws and regulations法令 2)U] controlling or being controlled管理,节制,调节,控制 - the regulation of food prices食品价格的管理 Regulation of all the machines must take place every month 所有机器都必须每月校准一次。 20. command n.(1)U]( usu. sing) ability to use or control sth.掌握,控制 -- He has a good command of the french language.他精通法语。 He has no command over himself.他无法控制自己。 (2)IC] order命令 You will run forward at my command.一听到我的命令,你就向前跑。 v(1) be able to use(sth)能够支配,可以使用 - She commands great wealth.她拥有大量财富。 (2) order(指上级,当局)命令,指挥 -- She commanded that the army cross the water.她命令部队过河。 21. fare n.[C]车费,船费,乘客购票所付的费用 -- hat is the bus fare to london?到伦敦去的公共汽车票价格多少? Train fares are going up again.火车票价又涨价了 vI progress; get on进展 How did you fare while you were abroad?你在国外时过得怎么样? workers will fare badly under this government 在这个政府的领导下工人们会过得很惨。 Ill. Phrases and Expressions 1. at first glance: when seen or examined for the first time乍一看;最初看到时 At first glance the problem seemed easy.乍一看,那问题似乎很容易解决 2. as long as: on cond ition that; provided that Rs5 As long as it doesn't rain we can play.只要天不下雨,我们就能玩 ---I don' t mind where you go as long as you don' t get into any trouble 只要你不惹麻烦,你去哪儿我都无所谓 3. live through: experience经历,经受住 My aunt has lived through three wars.我的婶婶经历了三次战争。 - he has lived through some terrible experiences.她经历过一些可怕的事情。 4. plan on: aim for, prepare为……做准备 We hadn,'t planned on twins!我们没有生双胞胎的思想准备。 We were planning on just having a snack and catching the early train 我们打算吃份快餐然后去赶早班火车。 6. work out: devise;plan设计,计划 -The teacher worked out a new way of teaching 那个老师设计了一种新的授课方法 ---We must work out a better method of saving paper 我们必须想出更好的节约纸张的方法
(1) [C] rule made by an authority 规章，规则，条例 ---fire regulations 消防制度 the school regulations 校规 ---keep to the regulations 遵守规则 laws and regulations 法令 (2) [U] controlling or being controlled 管理，节制，调节，控制 ---the regulation of food prices 食品价格的管理 ---Regulation of all the machines must take place every month. 所有机器都必须每月校准一次。 20. command n. (1) [U] (usu. Sing.) ability to use or control sth. 掌握，控制 ---He has a good command of the French language. 他精通法语。 ---He has no command over himself. 他无法控制自己。 (2) [C] order 命令 ---You will run forward at my command. 一听到我的命令，你就向前跑。 v. (1) be able to use (sth.) 能够支配，可以使用 ---She commands great wealth. 她拥有大量财富。 (2) order （指上级，当局）命令，指挥 --- She commanded that the army cross the water. 她命令部队过河。 21. fare n. [C] 车费，船费，乘客购票所付的费用 ---What is the bus fare to London? 到伦敦去的公共汽车票价格多少？ ---Train fares are going up again. 火车票价又涨价了。 vi. progress; get on 进展 ---How did you fare while you were abroad? 你在国外时过得怎么样？ ---Workers will fare badly under this government. 在这个政府的领导下工人们会过得很惨。 III. Phrases and Expressions 1. at first glance: when seen or examined for the first time 乍一看；最初看到时 ---At first glance the problem seemed easy. 乍一看，那问题似乎很容易解决。 2. as long as: on condition that; provided that 只要 ---As long as it doesn't rain we can play. 只要天不下雨，我们就能玩。 ---I don't mind where you go as long as you don't get into any trouble. 只要你不惹麻烦，你去哪儿我都无所谓。 3. live through: experience 经历，经受住 ---My aunt has lived through three wars. 我的婶婶经历了三次战争。 ---She has lived through some terrible experiences. 她经历过一些可怕的事情。 4. plan on: aim for; prepare 为……做准备 ---We hadn't planned on twins! 我们没有生双胞胎的思想准备。 ---We were planning on just having a snack and catching the early train. 我们打算吃份快餐然后去赶早班火车。 6. work out: devise; plan 设计，计划 ---The teacher worked out a new way of teaching. 那个老师设计了一种新的授课方法。 ---We must work out a better method of saving paper. 我们必须想出更好的节约纸张的方法
6. hit the target: succeed; manage达到目的,中肯 -- You certainly hit the target when you said that he was lazy 你说他懒,可说中要害了 He hit the target when he of the cl 他达到了目的,当上了班长 in the event of: if sth. happens如果……发生 The bank promised that he could get a loan in the event of an emergency 银行答应万一出现紧急情况可以贷款给他 ---His cousin will come into all his property in the event of his death 万一他去世,所有财产都将由他的堂弟继承 iteJIn the of the project not be ing a success, the investors stand to lose up to $30 million. A event B face C time D cours 8. take on: decide to do(sth), accept(sth)决定做,承担工作 ---Don,'t take on more than you can deal with 不要承担使你无法应付的过多的工作。 ---l think you've taken on as much as you can do this year 我想你承担的活儿够你今年干的了 Iite]Frequently single-parent children some of the functions that the absent adult in the house would have served A. take off B take after C. take in D. take on 9. lack of: little or not enough of sth. that is needed缺乏,缺少,不足 ---The plan had to be cancelled for lack of money 由于缺乏资金,那个计划不得不取消。 Her only problem is lack of confidence.她唯一的问题是缺乏信心 10.to(one') capacity: completely full满座的,满载的 This ship was filled to capacity with goods这船满载着货物 The hall is filled to capacity.大厅挤得满满的 ll. leave behind. go away with(sb. or sth. Remaining behind留下(某物或某人) .The wounded had to be left behind when the defeated army left 败军撤离时,只好把伤员丢了下来 12. in turn: one after another依次,逐个地 The boys called out their names in turn孩子们依次说出自己的名字 Each of us collects the mail in turn.大家轮流取信。 [ite] Tests have proved that caffeine affects the body by increasing heart rate and rhythm, which affects the circulatory system A. in return B. in turn C in the long run D. as a result I. Language points At first glance, this is just another routine flight to Los angeles, California (Para. 2)Mean ing: When you first think about it, it seems to be true that it is just another ordinary flight to Los Angeles, Califomia 2. Every year the United states is host to an average of 78, 000 foreign high school level students, of which 3,000 are brazilian.(Para. 3) Meaning: Every year, the Unites States provides chances for about 78,000 high school students, among which 3.000 are Brazilian to receive further education
6. hit the target: succeed; manage 达到目的，中肯 ---You certainly hit the target when you said that he was lazy. 你说他懒，可说中要害了。 ---He hit the target when he became president of the class. 他达到了目的，当上了班长。 7. in the event of: if sth. happens 如果……发生 ---The bank promised that he could get a loan in the event of an emergency. 银行答应万一出现紧急情况可以贷款给他。 ---His cousin will come into all his property in the event of his death. 万一他去世，所有财产都将由他的堂弟继承。 [试题]In the ___ of the project not being a success, the investors stand to lose up to $30 million. A. event B. face C. time D. course 8. take on: decide to do (sth.), accept (sth.)决定做, 承担工作 ---Don't take on more than you can deal with. 不要承担使你无法应付的过多的工作。 ---I think you've taken on as much as you can do this year. 我想你承担的活儿够你今年干的了。 [试题]Frequently single-parent children ___ some of the functions that the absent adult in the house would have served. A. take off B. take after C. take in D. take on 9. lack of: little or not enough of sth. that is needed 缺乏，缺少，不足 ---The plan had to be cancelled for lack of money. 由于缺乏资金, 那个计划不得不取消。 ---Her only problem is lack of confidence. 她唯一的问题是缺乏信心。 10. to (one’s) capacity: completely full 满座的，满载的 ---This ship was filled to capacity with goods.这船满载着货物。 ---The hall is filled to capacity. 大厅挤得满满的。 11. leave behind: go away with (sb. or sth. )remaining behind 留下 (某物或某人) ---The wounded had to be left behind when the defeated army left. 败军撤离时，只好把伤员丢了下来。 12. in turn: one after another 依次，逐个地 ---The boys called out their names in turn.孩子们依次说出自己的名字。 ---Each of us collects the mail in turn. 大家轮流取信。 [试题] Tests have proved that caffeine affects the body by increasing heart rate and rhythm, which ____ affects the circulatory system. A. in return B. in turn C. in the long run D. as a result III. Language Points 1. At first glance, this is just another routine flight to Los Angeles, California. (Para.2) Meaning: When you first think about it, it seems to be true that it is just another ordinary flight to Los Angeles, California. 2. Every year the United States is host to an average of 78,000 foreign high school level students, of which 3,000 are Brazilian. (Para.3) Meaning: Every year, the Unites States provides chances for about 78,000 high school students, among which 3,000 are Brazilian, to receive further education
3. Others dream of continuing on to college .(Para. 4) dream of have a dream of / about He never dreamed of such an important position 他从未想过得到这么重要的职位。 on: ad. further in space or time, forward If you walk on, you' ll come to the railway station 继续往前走,你就会走到火车站了。 If any letters come, shall I send them on to your new address?如果有信来我是否 要把它们按你的新地址转给你? It' s time to move on.该继续往前走了。 4.... have difficulty finding a host family. (Para.5) have difficulty (in) doing sth. not able to do sth easily Do you have difficulty getting up early?你早上早起是不是有困难? Lily always had great difficulty finishing the mathematics assignment all by herself.莉莉总是很难独立完成数学作业 5..I didnt economize on words. (Para.5) Meaning: I said all that I wanted to say economize(on sth ) vi save(sth) We have to economize from now on since we have little money left.我们剩下的 钱不多了,所以从现在起得节俭些 f the verb"economize'" is followed by an object, we have to use the preposition People are asked by the government to economize on fuel.政府要求人民节约燃 料 We have to economize on water during the dry season.在干旱季节我们必须节约 用水。 6. American families, which host foreign students, are not paid, though they are allowed a small income tax deduction.(Para. 5) Meaning: Those American families are not paid for provid ing room and board for foreign students, though they could pay less income tax. 7.… to cover his or her own expenses for…(Para) cover:vt. pay for, (of money) be enough for The amount of money can hardly cover the loss这笔钱无法弥补损失。 The Greens had to economize because Mr Greens income could hardly cover the 因为格林先生入不敷出,所以一家人只好省吃俭用 8. Towards this, they should budget between $200 to $300 a month. (Para. 6 Meaning: The amount of money to be spent on these things ranges from $200 to$300 per month. bud get: V. decide the amount of money to be spent on somethins The company has budgeted$ 10 million for ad vertising公司拨出1,000万美元作 为广告费用。 You had better budget for the next month.你最好为下个月作一下预算。 9. Basically, most students leave knowing they will have to do without their accustomed parental protection and learn to take care of themselves
3. Others dream of continuing on to college. (Para.4) dream of : have a dream of / about He never dreamed of such an important position. 他从未想过得到这么重要的职位。 on: ad. further in space or time, forward If you walk on, you’ll come to the railway station. 继续往前走, 你就会走到火车站了。 If any letters come, shall I send them on to your new address? 如果有信来,我是否 要把它们按你的新地址转给你? It’s time to move on. 该继续往前走了。 4. … have difficulty finding a host family. (Para.5) have difficulty (in) doing sth.: not able to do sth. easily Do you have difficulty getting up early? 你早上早起是不是有困难？ Lily always had great difficulty finishing the mathematics assignment all by herself. 莉莉总是很难独立完成数学作业。 5. …I didn’t economize on words. (Para.5) Meaning: I said all that I wanted to say. economize (on sth.): vi. save (sth.) We have to economize from now on since we have little money left. 我们剩下的 钱不多了，所以从现在起得节俭些。 If the verb “economize” is followed by an object, we have to use the preposition “on”. People are asked by the government to economize on fuel. 政府要求人民节约燃 料。 We have to economize on water during the dry season. 在干旱季节我们必须节约 用水。 6. American families, which host foreign students, are not paid, though they are allowed a small income tax deduction. (Para.5) Meaning: Those American families are not paid for providing room and board for foreign students, though they could pay less income tax. 7. …to cover his or her own expenses for… (Para.6) cover: vt. pay for, (of money) be enough for The amount of money can hardly cover the loss. 这笔钱无法弥补损失。 The Greens had to economize because Mr. Green’s income could hardly cover the expenses. 因为格林先生入不敷出，所以一家人只好省吃俭用。 8. Towards this, they should budget between $200 to $300 a month. (Para.6) Meaning: The amount of money to be spent on these things ranges from $200 to$300 per month. budget: v. decide the amount of money to be spent on something The company has budgeted $10 million for advertising.公司拨出 1，000 万美元作 为广告费用。 You had better budget for the next month. 你最好为下个月作一下预算。 9. Basically, most students leave knowing they will have to do without their accustomed parental protection and learn to take care of themselves
(Para. 7) Meaning: Basically, most students leave their homes knowing they will have to live on their own and learn to take care of themselves without parents protection that they have been used to Notice that in this sentence the whole knowing.. phrase functions as an adverbial In English, the" doing..phrase often functions as an adverbial in this way He came running all the way from the bus stop.他从汽车站一路跑着过来。 He tripped over the carpet leaving the room.离开房间时,他在地毯上绊了一 The doing.phrase can be separated by a comma, and sometimes moved to other positions in the sentence Leaving the room, he tripped over the carpet.离开房间时,他在地毯上绊了 0.. they will have to do without their accustomed parental protection.(Para. 7do without: manage to live or continue satisfactorily without I haven' t enough money to buy a car, so I'll just have to do without(one). RKl 足够的钱买汽车,所以只好将就着不用车了。 ll One student from the brazilian south succeeded in stuffing two enormous suitcases to their capacity, and had to cope with her cabin luggage as well. (Para.7)Meaning: One student from the brazil ian South managed to fill two really ig suitcases with as many items as possible, and had to handle the luggage she could take with her to the cabin too 12. Another moment of tension descends while students await the domestic flight that will take them to their temporary home in America.(Para. 9) Meaning While students are waiting for the domestic flight that will take them to the places they will stay at, they feel tension ag TV. Text Structure Analysis In passage A, we have identified a paragraph structure as a general statement supported by some reasons just as in Paragraphs 8 and 9 It is very common for a paragraph to start with a general statement or a general point but there are d ifferent ways to develop the paragraph From our earlier analysis we found that a general statement or point might be supported by some details, examples a list of items and, this time, the general statement is supported by some reasons. It just depends on what the writer wants to express. For a general statement supported by details, the writer might wish to tell us some views about the general statement For a general statement supported by examples, the writer might hope to convince us of the point that has been made. For a general statement supported by a list of items, the writer might want us to learn more about the general point. And for a general statement supported by reasons, the writer might feel there is a reason to let the readers know why it is as expressed in the general statement V, Grammar “IT”作形式代词 ⅱt的一种用法是充当形式主语或形式宾语,后面的真正主语或真正宾语通常是不 定式结构,ing分词结构或名词性从句结构。例如: It is very important to master a foreign language
(Para.7) Meaning: Basically, most students leave their homes knowing they will have to live on their own and learn to take care of themselves without parents’ protection that they have been used to. Notice that in this sentence the whole “knowing ... ”phrase functions as an adverbial. In English, the “doing ... ”phrase often functions as an adverbial in this way. He came running all the way from the bus stop. 他从汽车站一路跑着过来。 He tripped over the carpet leaving the room. 离开房间时, 他在地毯上绊了一 跤。 The “doing ... ”phrase can be separated by a comma, and sometimes moved to other positions in the sentence. Leaving the room, he tripped over the carpet. 离开房间时, 他在地毯上绊了一 跤。 10. ...they will have to do without their accustomed parental protection... (Para. 7) do without: manage to live or continue satisfactorily without I haven’t enough money to buy a car, so I’ll just have to do without (one). 我没有 足够的钱买汽车, 所以只好将就着不用车了。 11. One student from the Brazilian South succeeded in stuffing two enormous suitcases to their capacity, and had to cope with her cabin luggage as well. (Para.7) Meaning: One student from the Brazilian South managed to fill two really big suitcases with as many items as possible, and had to handle the luggage she could take with her to the cabin, too. 12. Another moment of tension descends while students await the domestic flight that will take them to their temporary home in America. (Para.9) Meaning: While students are waiting for the domestic flight that will take them to the places they will stay at, they feel tension again. IV. Text Structure Analysis In passage A, we have identified a paragraph structure as a general statement supported by some reasons just as in Paragraphs 8 and 9. It is very common for a paragraph to start with a general statement or a general point but there are different ways to develop the paragraph. From our earlier analysis we found that a general statement or point might be supported by some details, examples, a list of items and, this time, the general statement is supported by some reasons. It just depends on what the writer wants to express. For a general statement supported by details, the writer might wish to tell us some views about the general statement. For a general statement supported by examples, the writer might hope to convince us of the point that has been made. For a general statement supported by a list of items, the writer might want us to learn more about the general point. And for a general statement supported by reasons, the writer might feel there is a reason to let the readers know why it is as expressed in the general statement. V. Grammar “IT”作形式代词 it 的一种用法是充当形式主语或形式宾语，后面的真正主语或真正宾语通常是不 定式结构，-ing 分词结构或名词性从句结构。例如： It is very important to master a foreign language
It is no use learning these figures by heart He made it clear that he didnt want to speak to me They took it for granted that I would go to their party It was not known whether there was gold left in the mine 常见的用“it”做形式主语的主语从句结构有下面四种: l)Itis+名词+从句 It is a fact/a question /good news/common knowledge that 2)Itis+形容词+从句 It is necessary /clear/likely /important that 3)Itis+过去分词+从句 It is said /reported /has been proved that 4)Itis+不及物动词+从句 It seems /happens /follows that Section B Experience in Exile Reading Skill Reading for the Key Idea in a Sentence Although a sentence may give a great deal of information, it usually offers one ke idea. Readers should learn to find the key idea in order to understand the meaning of a sentence clearly The key idea of a sentence usually tells a )what a person or an object is b) what a person or an object is doing Look at the following example taken from Read ing Passage A At the end of each semester, as long as the students pass final exams, American authorities grant a certificate, which is recognized in Brazil. (Para. 3, Reading ssage A, Unit 4) This sentence tells about american authorities. We know that american authorities grant a certificate. All the information about when and under what cond itions they grant a certificate or how the certificate is viewed in brazil, adds details. The details are helpful in completing the scene for the reader, and we need to rely on these details to make the key idea clearer. But the key idea, or the main thought, in this sentence is simply american authorities grant a certificate American families, which host foreign students, are not paid, though they are allowed a small income tax deduction. (Para. 5, Reading Passage A, Unit 4) This sentence tells about american families. We know that american families are not paid. All the information about what kind of American families and under what cond ition they are not paid adds details. The details are helpful in completing the scene for the reader, and we need to rely on these details to make the key idea clearer But the key idea, or the main thought, in this sentence is simply american families are not paid In order to find the key idea of a sentence we have to a)ask who or what the sentence is about b)ask what the person or object is doing, or what is happening to the person or c)learn to separate details from the key idea. Many words in a sentence describe
It is no use learning these figures by heart. He made it clear that he didn’t want to speak to me. They took it for granted that I would go to their party. It was not known whether there was gold left in the mine. 常见的用 “it”做形式主语的主语从句结构有下面四种： 1) It is + 名词+从句 It is a fact / a question / good news / common knowledge that… 2) It is +形容词 +从句 It is necessary / clear/ likely / important that… 3) It is + 过去分词+ 从句 It is said / reported / has been proved that… 4) It is + 不及物动词+ 从句 It seems / happens / follows that… Section B Experience in Exile Reading Skill : Reading for the Key Idea in a Sentence Although a sentence may give a great deal of information, it usually offers one key idea. Readers should learn to find the key idea in order to understand the meaning of a sentence clearly. The key idea of a sentence usually tells: a) what a person or an object is b) what a person or an object is doing Look at the following example taken from Reading Passage A: At the end of each semester, as long as the students pass final exams, American authorities grant a certificate, which is recognized in Brazil. (Para. 3, Reading Passage A, Unit 4) This sentence tells about American authorities. We know that American authorities grant a certificate. All the information about when and under what conditions they grant a certificate, or how the certificate is viewed in Brazil, adds details. The details are helpful in completing the scene for the reader, and we need to rely on these details to make the key idea clearer. But the key idea, or the main thought, in this sentence is simply “American authorities grant a certificate”. American families, which host foreign students, are not paid, though they are allowed a small income tax deduction. (Para. 5, Reading Passage A, Unit 4) This sentence tells about American families. We know that American families are not paid. All the information about what kind of American families and under what condition they are not paid adds details. The details are helpful in completing the scene for the reader, and we need to rely on these details to make the key idea clearer. But the key idea, or the main thought, in this sentence is simply American families are not paid. In order to find the key idea of a sentence we have to: a) ask who or what the sentence is about. b) ask what the person or object is doing, or what is happening to the person or object. c) learn to separate details from the key idea. Many words in a sentence describe
things about the subject of the sentence and only add details around it. If we ask when, what kind where or why, we will find details. As a result it will be easier for us to see the key idea. Now look at the following example taken from Read ing Passage A Yet for 38 young passengers between fifteen and eighteen years of age, it is the start of a new experience: they will spend 10 months of their lives studying abroad far from their families. (Para. 2, Reading Passage A, Unit 4) The key idea of this sentence is that it is a start of a new experience. The information as to for whom and why it is a start of a new experience simply adds details I Word study 放逐,流放,流亡 be/ live in exile过流放生活go/ be sent into exile流亡 --The President went into exile abroad in 1959 because of the political situation in his own country. 总统由于其本国的政治情况而于1959年被流亡国外。 (2)IC]自己选择或被迫居留国外的人 ---There were many French exiles in England after the war 战后有许多法国人被迫移居英国 vt. send sb. into exile放逐,充军 The President was exiled for life.总统被终身放逐 echo vi.( of places) repeat a sound发出回声,产生回响 ---His footsteps echoed in the empty hall 他的脚步声在空荡荡的大厅内回响 The room echoed to the sound of their happy laughter. 房间里回荡着他们快乐的笑声 vt.( of places) send back( an echo)(指地方)发回声 -- The valley echoed his song山谷里回响着他的歌声 n.[C]回音,回声 if you shout loudly, you'll hear the echo.如果你大声喊,你就能听到回声。 3. tremendous a (1) very large巨大的,极大的 ---It makes a tremendous d ifference to me 那对我来说是极为重要的 They were making the most tremendous amount of noise last night 昨天晚上他们发出了许许多多噪音。 (2) very good; excellent很好的,非常好的 -o-a-film, pianist, experience 4. infinite a. without limits; endless无限的,无穷的 infinite space无限的空间 -Teaching little children takes infinite patience [ite] She remains confident and untroubled by our present problems A indefinitely B infinitely C optimistically D seemingly
things about the subject of the sentence and only add details around it. If we ask when, what kind, where, or why, we will find details. As a result it will be easier for us to see the key idea. Now look at the following example taken from Reading Passage A: Yet for 38 young passengers between fifteen and eighteen years of age, it is the start of a new experience: they will spend 10 months of their lives studying abroad, far from their families. (Para. 2, Reading Passage A, Unit 4) The key idea of this sentence is that it is a start of a new experience. The information as to for whom and why it is a start of a new experience simply adds details. I. Word Study 1. exile n. (1) [U] 放逐，流放，流亡 ---be / live in exile 过流放生活 go / be sent into exile 流亡 ---The President went into exile abroad in 1959 because of the political situation in his own country. 总统由于其本国的政治情况而于 1959 年被流亡国外。 (2) [C] 自己选择或被迫居留国外的人 ---There were many French exiles in England after the war. 战后有许多法国人被迫移居英国。 vt. send sb. into exile 放逐, 充军 ---The President was exiled for life. 总统被终身放逐。 2. echo vi. (of places) repeat a sound 发出回声, 产生回响 ---His footsteps echoed in the empty hall. 他的脚步声在空荡荡的大厅内回响。 ---The room echoed to the sound of their happy laughter. 房间里回荡着他们快乐的笑声。 vt. (of places) send back (an echo) （指地方）发回声 ---The valley echoed his song. 山谷里回响着他的歌声。 n. [C] 回音，回声 ---If you shout loudly, you'll hear the echo. 如果你大声喊，你就能听到回声。 3. tremendous a. (1) very large 巨大的，极大的 ---It makes a tremendous difference to me. 那对我来说是极为重要的。 ---They were making the most tremendous amount of noise last night. 昨天晚上他们发出了许许多多噪音。 (2) very good; excellent 很好的，非常好的 ---a ~ film, pianist, experience 4. infinite a. without limits; endless 无限的，无穷的 ---infinite space 无限的空间 ---Teaching little children takes infinite patience. [试题] She remains confident and ___ untroubled by our present problems. A. indefinitely B. infinitely C. optimistically D. seemingly
