大学亮语四級语浩靳要 I动词(时态,语态,用法,省略,一致性等) 1.时态 1)现在完成进行时态(have/ has been+-ing分词构成):动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到 现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束 I've been writing letters for an hour. I've been sitting in the garden. 2)过去完成进行时(由 had been+ing分词构成):过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作 I'd been working some time when he called We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came 3)将来完成进行时:将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作 By next summer, he will been working here for twenty years In another month's time have been study ing here for three years 4)将来完成时由 shall/ will have+过去分词构成):将来某时会业已发生的事 I shall have finished this one before lunch They 'll have hit the year's target by the end of october. 2.语态 1)可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如 He was said to be jealous of her success. It was said that he was jealous of her success 同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有 assume, believe, expect, fear, feel, know, presume, report, say, suppose, understand Ff It is supposed that the ship has been sunk The ship is supposed to have been sunk. 担当 be supposed to与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如: Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit.(你应该晓得速度限制) 2)双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态 a)双宾语结构的被动语态:双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语, 另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语 He was asked a number of questions at the press conference Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations b)宾补结构的被动语态: AnthonyHoEmail:anthonyho@citiz.net 大学英语四级语法精要 Page 1 of 24
Anthony Ho Email: anthonyho@citiz.net 大学英语四级语法精要 Page 1 of 24 大学英语四级语法精要 Ⅰ动词(时态,语态,用法,省略,一致性等) 1. 时态 1)现在完成进行时态 (have/has been + -ing 分词构成): 动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到 现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束. I’ve been writing letters for an hour. I’ve been sitting in the garden. 2)过去完成进行时(由 had been + ing 分词构成): 过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作 I’d been working for some time when he called. We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came. 3)将来完成进行时: 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作. By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years. In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years. 4)将来完成时(由 shall/will have + 过去分词构成): 将来某时会业已发生的事. I shall have finished this one before lunch. They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October. 2. 语态 1)可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如: He was said to be jealous of her success. It was said that he was jealous of her success. 能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有 assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand 等. It is supposed that the ship has been sunk. The ship is supposed to have been sunk. 担当 be supposed to 与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如: Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你应该晓得速度限制) 2) 双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态 a)双宾语结构的被动语态: 双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语, 另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语. He was asked a number of questions at the press conference. Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations. b)宾补结构的被动语态:
ClaasRoom She was called Big Sister by everybody. Then he was made a squad leader He was considered quite qualified for the job. The room was always kept clean and tidy. 3.短语动词 1)Vi + adv The plane took off two hours late. 2)Ⅴi+prep They looked round the Cathedral 3)vi+prep(有被动语态) Shes looking after her sister's children. The children were always well looked after. 4)Vi+adv prep I began to look forward to their visits 5Vt +0+adv Some women choose to stay at home and bring up their children The children were brought up by their mother. They took him on. 6)vt+adv+0(无被动语态) I am trying to give up smoking 7Vt+0+ prep We talked Donald into agreement 4.省略 )在以as,than,when,if, unless等引导的从句中的省略:在有些状语从句中,如果谓语 包含有动词be,主语又和主句的主语一致a),或者主语是itb),就常常可以把从句中的主语和谓 语的一部分(特别是动词be)省略掉. a)Look out for cars when crossing the street. When taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effects While there he joined in voluntary labour on a pro ject. Although not yet six months old, she was able to walk without support. If not well managed, irrigation can be harmful Though reduced in numbers, they gained in fighting capacity. This viewpoint, however understandable, is wrong Enemies, once discovered were tightly encircled and completely wiped out She hurriedly left the room as though/if angry She worked extremely hard though still rather poor in health Fill in the application as instructed. Whenever known, such facts should be reported. The documents will be returned as soon as signed He said that no acrobat could ever perform those daring feats unless trained very Emai: anthony@ citiz net大学英语四级语法精要 Page 2 of 24
Anthony Ho Email: anthonyho@citiz.net 大学英语四级语法精要 Page 2 of 24 She was called Big Sister by everybody. Then he was made a squad leader. He was considered quite qualified for the job. The room was always kept clean and tidy. 3. 短语动词 1) Vi + adv The plane took off two hours late. 2) Vi + prep They looked round the Cathedral. 3) Vi + prep (有被动语态) She’s looking after her sister’s children. The children were always well looked after. 4) Vi + adv + prep I began to look forward to their visits. 5) Vt + O + adv Some women choose to stay at home and bring up their children. The children were brought up by their mother. They took him on. 6) Vt + adv + O (无被动语态) I am trying to give up smoking. 7) Vt + O + prep We talked Donald into agreement. 4. 省略 1) 在以 as, than, when, if, unless 等引导的从句中的省略: 在有些状语从句中,如果谓语 包含有动词 be,主语又和主句的主语一致 a),或者主语是 it b),就常常可以把从句中的主语和谓 语的一部分(特别是动词 be)省略掉. a) Look out for cars when crossing the street. When taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effects. While there he joined in voluntary labour on a project. Although not yet six months old, she was able to walk without support. If not well managed, irrigation can be harmful. Though reduced in numbers, they gained in fighting capacity. This viewpoint, however understandable, is wrong. Enemies, once discovered, were tightly encircled and completely wiped out. She hurriedly left the room as though/if angry. She worked extremely hard though still rather poor in health. Fill in the application as instructed. Whenever known, such facts should be reported. The documents will be returned as soon as signed. He said that no acrobat could ever perform those daring feats unless trained very young
Once having made a promise, you should keep it. b)If necessary I'll have the letter duplicated Fill in the blanks with articles where (ver) necessary If possible, I should like to have two copies of it. As scheduled, they met on january 20 at the Chinese Embassy. 2)在以 than a)或asb)引起的从句中,常会有一些成分省略. a)He told me not to use more material than (it is)necessary. We should think more of the collective than of ourselves b) They worked with as much enthusiasm as young people (did) He is now a vice-manager, but still often works in the kitchen as before. Their training is free, as is all education We will, as always, stand on your side 3)错误的省略 His life is as fully committed to books as anyone I know. While standing there in her night gown, two bullets struck the wall beside her. 5.一致 1)如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有with, together with, as well as, as much as, no less than, more than等引导的短语,谓语动词仍旧用单数形式 Terry, along with her friend, goes skating every Saturday An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in this work The captain, as well as the coaches, was disappointed in the team 2)代词作主语时的一致 a)each, either, neither和由some,any,no, every构成的复合代词,都作单数看待 Each of us has something to say. Is everybody ready? Somebody is using the phone Neither of us has gone through regular training. Has either of them told you? b)some,few,both,many等作复数 c)some可后接复数,也可接单数,表示某 none作复数看待时较多,但也有时作单数看待,主要看说话人脑中联系想到的是复数还是单 数概念,但none在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数 None of the books are easy enough for us None of us seem to have thought of it. None (= not a single one) of us has got a camera. None ( nobody) has felt it more keenly than she did AnthonyHoEmail:anthonyho@citiz.net 大学英语四级语法精要 Page 3 of 24
Anthony Ho Email: anthonyho@citiz.net 大学英语四级语法精要 Page 3 of 24 Once having made a promise, you should keep it. b) If necessary I’ll have the letter duplicated. Fill in the blanks with articles where(ver) necessary. If possible, I should like to have two copies of it. As scheduled, they met on January 20 at the Chinese Embassy. 2） 在以 than a) 或 as b) 引起的从句中,常会有一些成分省略. a) He told me not to use more material than (it is) necessary. We should think more of the collective than of ourselves. b) They worked with as much enthusiasm as young people (did). He is now a vice-manager, but still often works in the kitchen as before. Their training is free, as is all education. We will, as always, stand on your side. 3） 错误的省略 His life is as fully committed to books as anyone I know. While standing there in her nightgown, two bullets struck the wall beside her. 5. 一致 1) 如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有 with, together with, as well as, as much as, no less than, more than 等引导的短语,谓语动词仍旧用单数形式. Terry, along with her friend, goes skating every Saturday. An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in this work. The captain, as well as the coaches, was disappointed in the team. 2) 代词作主语时的一致 a) each, either, neither 和由 some, any, no, every 构成的复合代词,都作单数看待. Each of us has something to say. Is everybody ready? Somebody is using the phone. Neither of us has gone through regular training. Has either of them told you? b) some, few, both, many 等作复数 c) some 可后接复数,也可接单数,表示某一. none 作复数看待时较多,但也有时作单数看待,主要看说话人脑中联系想到的是复数还是单 数概念, 但 none 在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数: None of the books are easy enough for us None of us seem to have thought of it. None (= not a single one) of us has got a camera. None (= nobody) has felt it more keenly than she did
⊙ grOom None of this worries me ll和most可后接复数,也可接不可数名词( (all of the., most of the…),动词用单数 3)由and或both.and连接名词词组时,后用复数;由 not only..but(also), either.or, neither.nor或or连接的并列主语,谓语通常和最邻近的主语一致 Not only the switches but also the old writing has been changed My sister or my brother is likely to be at home Either you or Mr Yang is to do the work Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuade my daughter to change her mind 如果一个句子是由 there或here引导,而主语又不止一个,谓语通常也和最邻近的那个主语一致 There was carved in the board a dragon and a phoenix Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you 4) people, police,catl, poultry(家禽), militia(民兵)等通常都用作复数 Cattle are grazing on the pasture The police are looking for him 有些集体名词有时作单数看待,有时作复数看待,主要根据意思来决定 His family isnt very large His family are all music lovers The committee meets twice a month The committee are divided in opinion audience was enormous audience were greatly moved at the word 有些名词单复数同形,可根据意思决定谓语动词的数 This new series is beginning next month These new series are beginning next month es is now extinct les are now extinct 5)表示时间,重量,长度,价值等的名词,尽管仍是复数形式,如果作整体看待,动词也可用单 数形式(当然用复数动词也是可以的) Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations One hundred li was covered in a single night 6)其他问题 a)书名,国家名用单数 AnthonyHoEmail:anthony@ecitiz.net大学英语四级语法精要 Page 4 of 24
Anthony Ho Email: anthonyho@citiz.net 大学英语四级语法精要 Page 4 of 24 None of this worries me. all 和 most 可后接复数,也可接不可数名词 (all of the…, most of the …), 动词用单数. 3) 由 and 或 both… and 连接名词词组时, 后用复数; 由 not only…but (also), either…or, neither…nor 或 or 连接的并列主语, 谓语通常和最邻近的主语一致. Not only the switches but also the old writing has been changed. My sister or my brother is likely to be at home. Either you or Mr Yang is to do the work. Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuade my daughter to change her mind. 如果一个句子是由 there 或 here 引导, 而主语又不止一个, 谓语通常也和最邻近的那个主语一致. There was carved in the board a dragon and a phoenix. Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you. 4) people, police, cattle, poultry (家禽), militia (民兵) 等通常都用作复数. Cattle are grazing on the pasture. The police are looking for him. 有些集体名词有时作单数看待, 有时作复数看待, 主要根据意思来决定. His family isn’t very large. His family are all music lovers. The committee meets twice a month. The committee are divided in opinion. The audience was enormous. The audience were greatly moved at the words. 有些名词单复数同形, 可根据意思决定谓语动词的数: This new series is beginning next month. These new series are beginning next month. This species is now extinct. These species are now extinct. 5) 表示时间, 重量, 长度, 价值等的名词, 尽管仍是复数形式, 如果作整体看待, 动词也可用单 数形式 (当然用复数动词也是可以的): Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. One hundred li was covered in a single night. 6) 其他问题 a) 书名, 国家名用单数:
Tales fiom Shakespeare is a book by Charles Lamb b)学科名,如 mathematics, economIcs用单数 c) many a或 more than one所修饰的词作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式 Many a person has had that kind of experience More than one person has involved in the case a number of后接复数, the number of后接单数 A number of books have been published on the subject The number of books published on the subject is simply amazing d) one of those后用单数在“ one of+复数名词+关系分句”结构中,关系分句中谓语动词的 单复数形式在一般情况下有两形式,一是根据先行词采用复数形 Joan is one of those people who go out of their way to be helpful 当one之前友 the only等限定词和修饰语时,关系分句谓语动词根据one而定,即采用单数形 He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment Ⅱ非谓语动词 1.不定式 1)形式 主动形式 被动形式 to do to be don 完成式 to have been done 进行式 o be doing 完成进行式 have been doing a)完成式不定式的一般形式所表示的动作,通常与主要谓语表示的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同 时)发生,或是在它之后发生.假如不定式所表示的动作,在谓语所表示的动作(状态)之前发 生,就要用不定式的完成式 I am glad to have seen your mother(=I am glad I have seen your mother) (比较: I am glad to see you) He is said to have written a new book about workers He pretended not to have seen me. b)进行式:如果主要谓语表示的动作(状态)发生时,不定式表示的动作正在进行,这时要用不 定式的进行式 You are not supposed to be working. You havent quite recovered yet We didn t expect you to be waiting for T us AnthonyHoEmail:anthonyho@citiz.net 大学英语四级语法精要 Page 5 of 24
Anthony Ho Email: anthonyho@citiz.net 大学英语四级语法精要 Page 5 of 24 Tales from Shakespeare is a book by Charles Lamb. b) 学科名, 如 mathematics, economics 用单数. c) many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时, 谓语动词多用单数形式: Many a person has had that kind of experience. More than one person has involved in the case. a number of 后接复数, the number of 后接单数: A number of books have been published on the subject. The number of books published on the subject is simply amazing. d) one of those 后用单数. 在“one of + 复数名词 +关系分句”结构中，关系分句中谓语动词的 单复数形式在一般情况下有两形式，一是根据先行词采用复数形式： Joan is one of those people who go out of their way to be helpful. 当 one 之前友 the only 等限定词和修饰语时，关系分句谓语动词根据 one 而定，即采用单数形 式： He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment. Ⅱ 非谓语动词 1. 不定式 1) 形式 主动形式 被动形式 一般式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done 进行式 to be doing 完成进行式 to have been doing a) 完成式: 不定式的一般形式所表示的动作, 通常与主要谓语表示的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同 时)发生, 或是在它之后发生. 假如不定式所表示的动作, 在谓语所表示的动作(状态)之前发 生, 就要用不定式的完成式. I am glad to have seen your mother (= I am glad I have seen your mother). (比较: I am glad to see you.) He is said to have written a new book about workers. He pretended not to have seen me. b) 进行式: 如果主要谓语表示的动作(状态)发生时, 不定式表示的动作正在进行, 这时要用不 定式的进行式. You are not supposed to be working. You haven’t quite recovered yet. We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here
⊙ grOom He pretended to be listening attentively c)完成进行式在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作,就要用不定式的完成进行式 The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years We are happy to have been working with you d)被动式当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动 It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here She hated to be flattered He wanted the letter to be typed at once This is bound to be found out There are a lot of things to be done She was too young to be assigned such work 2)功用:不定式可以作主语(a),宾语(b),表语(c),定语(d)或是状语(e) a. To scold her would not be just b. We are planning to build a reservoir here c. One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture d. Do you have anything to declare? e. We have come to learn from you 3)不带to的不定式 a)在“动词+宾语+不定式”结构中,如果动词是表示感觉意义的se,hear, watch, smell. feel, notice等,或是表示“致使”意义的have,make,let等,其后的不定式结构不带 John made her tell him everything 这类结构转换为被动语态时,后面的不带to的不定式一般还原为带to的不定式 She was made to tell him everything b)IE had better, had best, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might (just)as well, cannot but等搭配之后,动词不定式也不带 Id rather not have They cannot but ac s term c) IE make do, make believe, let drop, let fall, let fly, let slip, let drive, let go of, let there be, hear say hear tell, leave go of等固定搭配中,用不带to的动词不定式 John let fly a torrent of abuse at me Ive heard tell of him d)在动词help(或help+宾语)之后可用不带to的不定式,也可用带to的不定式 Can I help(to) lift this heavy box AnthonyHoEmai:anthony@citiz.net大学英语四级语法精要 Page 6 of 24
Anthony Ho Email: anthonyho@citiz.net 大学英语四级语法精要 Page 6 of 24 He pretended to be listening attentively. c) 完成进行式: 在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作, 就要用不定式的完成进行式. The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years. We are happy to have been working with you. d) 被动式: 当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时, 不定式一般要用被动 形式. It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here. She hated to be flattered. He wanted the letter to be typed at once. This is bound to be found out. There are a lot of things to be done. She was too young to be assigned such work. 2) 功用: 不定式可以作主语 (a), 宾语 (b), 表语 (c), 定语 (d) 或是状语 (e). a. To scold her would not be just. b. We are planning to build a reservoir here. c. One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture. d. Do you have anything to declare? e. We have come to learn from you. 3) 不带 to 的不定式: a) 在“动词+ 宾语+不定式”结构中, 如果动词是表示感觉意义的 see, hear, watch, smell, feel, notice 等, 或是表示“致使”意义的 have, make, let 等, 其后的不定式结构不带 to. John made her tell him everything. 这类结构转换为被动语态时, 后面的不带 to 的不定式一般还原为带 to 的不定式. She was made to tell him everything. b) 在 had better, had best, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might (just) as well, cannot but 等搭配之后, 动词不定式也不带 to. I’d rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast. They cannot but accept his term. c) 在 make do, make believe, let drop, let fall, let fly, let slip, let drive, let go of, let there be, hear say, hear tell, leave go of 等固定搭配中, 用不带 to 的动词不定式. John let fly a torrent of abuse at me. I’ve heard tell of him. d) 在动词 help(或 help +宾语)之后可用不带 to 的不定式, 也可用带 to 的不定式. Can I help (to) lift this heavy box?
e)在介词 except,but之后,如果其前有动词do的某种形式,不定式一般不带to,反之带to. There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining Smith will do anything but work on a farm There's no choice but to wait till it stops raining f)连词 rather than, sooner than置于句首时,其后的不定式不带to Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do, he forced himself to pick it up 出现在句中其他位置时,其后的不定式有时带to,有时不带to He decided to write rather than telephon The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages g)用作补语的动词不定式,如果主语是由“all+关系分句”,“ thing+关系分句”,“what分句” 或“ thing+不定式结构”等构成,并带有do的某种形式,这时,作为主语补语的不定式可 以省to,也可以不省 What he will do is(to) spoil the whole thing All you do now is complete the form The only thing I can do now is go on by myself. The thing to do now is clear up this mess The least I can do is drive everybody else closer to the issue 4)不定式的其他用法 a)too..to结构通常表示否定意义 She was too young to understand all that enough.to结构则表示肯定意义 She was not old enough to understand all the not too but too, all too, only too等和不定式连用时,不定式一般不表示否定意义 He's only too pleased to help her so.as(to)这种结构也可用不定式作状语 Be so kind as to drop in some time when you are free b)如果要说明不定是表示的动作是谁做的,可以在不定式前加一个for引起的短语 It is not hard for one to do a bit of good It is a great honour for us to be present at this rally 在以某些形容词(如 kind, good, nice,wise, unwise, clever,sil, wrong, right foolish, stupid, careless, considerate,rude, naughty, impolite等)作表语时,不定式前可加一个of引起的短语,来说 明不定式指的是谁的 It's kind of you to think so much of us AnthonyHoEmail:anthonyho@citiz.net 大学英语四级语法精要 Page 7 of 24
Anthony Ho Email: anthonyho@citiz.net 大学英语四级语法精要 Page 7 of 24 e) 在介词 except, but 之后, 如果其前有动词 do 的某种形式, 不定式一般不带 to, 反之带 to. There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining. Smith will do anything but work on a farm. There’s no choice but to wait till it stops raining. f) 连词 rather than, sooner than 置于句首时, 其后的不定式不带 to. Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do, he forced himself to pick it up. 出现在句中其他位置时, 其后的不定式有时带 to, 有时不带 to. He decided to write rather than telephone. The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages. g) 用作补语的动词不定式, 如果主语是由“all + 关系分句”，“thing +关系分句”，“what 分句” 或“thing +不定式结构”等构成，并带有 do 的某种形式，这时，作为主语补语的不定式可 以省 to，也可以不省. What he will do is (to) spoil the whole thing. All you do now is complete the form The only thing I can do now is go on by myself. The thing to do now is clear up this mess. The least I can do is drive everybody else closer to the issue. 4) 不定式的其他用法 a) too…to 结构通常表示否定意义: She was too young to understand all that. enough…to 结构则表示肯定意义: She was not old enough to understand all that. not too, but too, all too, only too 等和不定式连用时,不定式一般不表示否定意义: He’s only too pleased to help her. so…as (to)这种结构也可用不定式作状语: Be so kind as to drop in some time when you are free. b) 如果要说明不定是表示的动作是谁做的, 可以在不定式前加一个 for 引起的短语: It is not hard for one to do a bit of good. It is a great honour for us to be present at this rally. 在以某些形容词(如 kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite等)作表语时, 不定式前可加一个of 引起的短语, 来说 明不定式指的是谁的情况: It’s kind of you to think so much of us
ClaasRoom (It is) Awfully good of you to come and meet us It's very nice of you to be so considerate It's unwise of them to turn down the proposal 2.+ing形式(现在分词及动名词) 1)形式 a)完成式:如果要表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,通常用动名词的完成 形式 He didn't mention having met me I regret not having taken her advice 在某些动词后(或成语中),常用(或可以用)动名词的一般形式,尽管动作是在谓语所表示的动作 之前发生的 for com I don t remember ever seeing him any where 现在分词的完成式主要用在状语中,表示这动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生 Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy 另外,独立结构也可用现在分词的完成形式 The guests having left, they resumed their discussion The children, having eating their fill, were allowed to leave the table b)被动式当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的对象时,动名词一般要用被动形式 His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness He couldn t bear being made fun of like that 但要注意,在want,ned, deserve, require等动词后,尽管表示的是被动的意思,却用动名词的主 动形式 My pen needs filling The point deserves mentioning This problem requires studying with great care 在 worth这个形容词后情形也是这样 Her method is worth trying 现在分词的被动式可以用来作定语,宾语补足语,状语及用于独立结构中 This is one of the experiments being carried on in our laboratory You ll find the topic being discussed everywhere Being asked to give a performance, she couldn't very well refuse Emai: anthony@ citiz net大学英语四级语法精要 Page 8 of 24
Anthony Ho Email: anthonyho@citiz.net 大学英语四级语法精要 Page 8 of 24 (It is) Awfully good of you to come and meet us. It’s very nice of you to be so considerate. It’s unwise of them to turn down the proposal. 2. V+ing 形式(现在分词及动名词) 1) 形式 a) 完成式: 如果要表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生, 通常用动名词的完成 形式. He didn’t mention having met me. I regret not having taken her advice. 在某些动词后(或成语中), 常用(或可以用)动名词的一般形式, 尽管动作是在谓语所表示的动作 之前发生的. Excuse me for coming late. I don’t remember ever seeing him anywhere. 现在分词的完成式主要用在状语中, 表示这动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生. Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide. Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy. 另外, 独立结构也可用现在分词的完成形式. The guests having left, they resumed their discussion. The children, having eating their fill, were allowed to leave the table. b) 被动式: 当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的对象时, 动名词一般要用被动形式. His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness. He couldn’t bear being made fun of like that. 但要注意, 在 want, need, deserve, require 等动词后, 尽管表示的是被动的意思, 却用动名词的主 动形式. My pen needs filling. The point deserves mentioning. This problem requires studying with great care. 在 worth 这个形容词后情形也是这样. Her method is worth trying. 现在分词的被动式可以用来作定语, 宾语补足语, 状语及用于独立结构中. This is one of the experiments being carried on in our laboratory. You’ll find the topic being discussed everywhere. Being asked to give a performance, she couldn’t very well refuse
These are sold at reduced prices, the defects always being pointed out to the customers c)完成被动式:如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生,有时需要用动名词的完成被动式 I don't remember having ever been given a chance to try this method 但在多数情况下都避免使用这一形式,而用一般被动形式代替,以免句子显得累赘 现在分词的完成被动式一般用来作状语或用于独立结构中 Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip away? The decision having been made, the next problem was how to make a good plan All the compositions having been written and collected, the teacher sent the students home 2)句法功用 a)作主语 Walking is good exercise It's nice talking to you There is no denying the fact that the new method has greatly raised labour productivity b)作宾语: Your shoes need polishing You mustnt delay sending the tractors over He avoided giving us a definite answer c)作介词宾语:动名词作介词宾语用的时候最多.它常可以用在某些成语后面,常见的有 insist on, persist in, think of, dream of, object to, suspect. of, accuse.. of, charge.. with, hear of approve of, prevent.from, keep.from, stop.. from, refrain from, be engaged in, look forward to pposed to, depend on, thank.. for, feel like, excuse. for, aim at devote.. to, set about, spend.in, get(be)used to, be fond of, be capable of, be afraid of, be tired of, be sick of, succeed in, b interested in, feel(be)ashamed of, be proud of, be keen on, be responsible for d)作表语: The real problem is getting to know the needs of the people 动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语一般说来,在表示抽象的一般的行为时多用动名词;在表 示具体某词动作,特别是将来的动作时,多用不定式 e)作宾语补足语:分词可以在se,hear, notIce, watch,fel,find,kep, get have等动词后作宾语 补足语 The words immediately set us all laughing ght him dozing off in cla His remark left me wondering what he was driving at 在se,hear,fel, watch, notice等动词后,及可用现在分词,也可用不定式构成宾语补足语.用现 AnthonyHoEmail:anthonyho@citiz.net 大学英语四级语法精要 Page 9 of 24
Anthony Ho Email: anthonyho@citiz.net 大学英语四级语法精要 Page 9 of 24 These are sold at reduced prices, the defects always being pointed out to the customers. c) 完成被动式: 如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生, 有时需要用动名词的完成被动式. I don’t remember having ever been given a chance to try this method. 但在多数情况下都避免使用这一形式, 而用一般被动形式代替, 以免句子显得累赘. 现在分词的完成被动式一般用来作状语或用于独立结构中. Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip away? The decision having been made, the next problem was how to make a good plan. All the compositions having been written and collected, the teacher sent the students home. 2) 句法功用 a) 作主语: Walking is good exercise. It’s nice talking to you. There is no denying the fact that the new method has greatly raised labour productivity. b) 作宾语: Your shoes need polishing. You mustn’t delay sending the tractors over. He avoided giving us a definite answer. c) 作介词宾语: 动名词作介词宾语用的时候最多. 它常可以用在某些成语后面, 常见的有: insist on, persist in, think of, dream of, object to, suspect…of, accuse…of, charge…with, hear of, approve of, prevent…from, keep…from, stop…from, refrain from, be engaged in, look forward to, opposed to, depend on, thank…for, feel like, excuse…for, aim at, devote…to, set about, spend…in, get (be) used to, be fond of, be capable of, be afraid of, be tired of, be sick of, succeed in, be interested in, feel (be) ashamed of, be proud of, be keen on, be responsible for. d) 作表语: The real problem is getting to know the needs of the people. 动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语. 一般说来, 在表示抽象的一般的行为时多用动名词; 在表 示具体某词动作, 特别是将来的动作时, 多用不定式. e) 作宾语补足语: 分词可以在 see, hear, notice, watch, feel, find, keep, get, have 等动词后作宾语 补足语. The words immediately set us all laughing. Once we caught him dozing off in class. His remark left me wondering what he was driving at. 在 see, hear, feel, watch, notice 等动词后, 及可用现在分词, 也可用不定式构成宾语补足语. 用现
ClaasRoom 在分词时,表示动作正在发生,用不定式时表示动作发生了 Do you hear someone knocking at the door? Yes. I did. I heard him knock three times f)作状语:现在分词作状语时,通常都表示主语正在进行的另一动作,来对谓语表示的主要动 作加以修饰或作为陪衬 I ran out of the house shouting I got home, feel ing very tired Driving to Chicago that night, I was struck by a sudden thought 现在分词短语有时可以用作状语表示原因,相当于一个表示原因的状语从句 Not knowing her address, we couldn 't get in touch with her. Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note Having already seen the film twice, she didnt want to go to the cinema 现在分词短语有时可用作时间状语,相当于when引起的从句 Seeing those pictures, he couldn t help thinking of those memorable days they spent together 如果两个动作是完全同时发生的,多用when或 while加分词这种结构 Be careful when crossing the street When leaving the airport, they waved again and again to us She got to know them while attending a conference in Beijing 3)前面带有代词或名词的动名词结构:一个动名词前面可以加一个物主代词或名词的所有格结 构),来表示这个动名词逻辑上的主语 Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us Our sole worry is your relying too much on yourself. Do you mind my reading your paper ny staying there for supp 如果不是在句子开头,这个结构常常可以用名词的普通格(或人称代词宾格),这比用所有格更自 然一些 don't mind him going She hates people losing their temper 4)只能用动名词作宾语的动词: suggest, finish, avoid,sop,can' t help,mind, admit, enjoy, leave off, require, postpone, put off, delay, practise, fancy, excuse, pardon, advise, consider, deny, endure mIss 5)既可用动名词,也可用不定式作宾语的动词:love,lke,hate, dislike, begin, start., continue, intend, attempt, can't bear, propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret, neglect, try, deserve, cant afford 等 AnthonyHoEmail:anthony@ecitiz.net大学英语四级语法精要 Page 10 of 24
Anthony Ho Email: anthonyho@citiz.net 大学英语四级语法精要 Page 10 of 24 在分词时, 表示动作正在发生, 用不定式时表示动作发生了. Do you hear someone knocking at the door? Yes, I did. I heard him knock three times. f) 作状语: 现在分词作状语时, 通常都表示主语正在进行的另一动作, 来对谓语表示的主要动 作加以修饰或作为陪衬. I ran out of the house shouting. I got home, feeling very tired. Driving to Chicago that night, I was struck by a sudden thought. 现在分词短语有时可以用作状语表示原因, 相当于一个表示原因的状语从句. Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her. Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note. Having already seen the film twice, she didn’t want to go to the cinema. 现在分词短语有时可用作时间状语, 相当于 when 引起的从句: Seeing those pictures, he couldn’t help thinking of those memorable days they spent together. 如果两个动作是完全同时发生的, 多用 when 或 while 加分词这种结构. Be careful when crossing the street. When leaving the airport, they waved again and again to us. She got to know them while attending a conference in Beijing. 3) 前面带有代词或名词的动名词结构: 一个动名词前面可以加一个物主代词(或名词的所有格结 构), 来表示这个动名词逻辑上的主语. Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us. Our sole worry is your relying too much on yourself. Do you mind my reading your paper? They insisted on my staying there for supper. 如果不是在句子开头, 这个结构常常可以用名词的普通格(或人称代词宾格), 这比用所有格更自 然一些. I don’t mind him going. She hates people losing their temper. 4) 只能用动名词作宾语的动词: suggest, finish, avoid, stop, can’t help, mind, admit, enjoy, leave off, require, postpone, put off, delay, practise, fancy, excuse, pardon, advise, consider, deny, endure, escape, miss 5) 既可用动名词, 也可用不定式作宾语的动词: love, like, hate, dislike, begin, start, continue, intend, attempt, can’t bear, propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret, neglect, try, deserve, can’t afford 等