对外经济贸易大学：《高级商务英语阅读》课程教学资源（授课教案）Chapter 8 EU Enlargement.pdf_大学文库

碰类母矮降贸多大号高级商务英语阅读 V.背景知识 1.New membership The European Union threw open its doors to new members ranging from Estonia to Cyprus at a summit late 2002,but talk of ending the continent's east-west divide was overshadowed by last-minute haggling over money. The 10 newcomers were scheduled to join the 15 existing members in 2004 after wrapping up more than four years of membership talks during a meeting of leaders in the Danish capital, Copenhagen.European Commission President Romano Prodi said enlargement"must not be compromised by last-minute inflexibility." Poland led the candidates in last-gasp bid to secure bigger aid handouts from the EU,while existing members like Austria,Portugal and Italy tried to squeeze more concessions from the newcomers.The summit will also have to answer Turkey's demands for a date to start its own negotiations to join the EU. Leaders are expected to schedule membership talks with the Turks in mid-2005,if Ankara can show it meets EU standards of human rights,democracy and economic stability. Turkey says the date is too late and insists its recent reforms-including abolition of the death penalty-should have been enough for the EU to set a date in 2003. Failure to appease the Turks could set the stage for a diplomatic showdown between Western Europe and the Muslim nation of 66 million people.Turkey neighbors Iraq and is viewed by the United States as a vital ally in the war against terrorism. The United States strongly backs Turkey's bid.President Bush lobbied French President Jacques Chirac on Wednesday on the Turkey issue."My administration is working hard on Turkey's behalf,"Bush said Tuesday.Britain is also "championing the cause of Turkey,"British Foreign Secretary Jack Straw said in London. Related to the EU's relations with Turkey is the future of Cyprus,one of the 10 countries due to join in 2004. The EU is hoping the internationally recognized Greek Cypriot government and the breakaway Turkish-backed north will agree on a U.N.reunification plan before the island joins.If not,it's committed to taking in only the Greek Cypriot south,something that would further alienate 第2页共11页

第 2 页共 11 页高级商务英语阅读 V. 背景知识 1. New membership The European Union threw open its doors to new members ranging from Estonia to Cyprus at a summit late 2002, but talk of ending the continent's east-west divide was overshadowed by last-minute haggling over money. The 10 newcomers were scheduled to join the 15 existing members in 2004 after wrapping up more than four years of membership talks during a meeting of leaders in the Danish capital, Copenhagen. European Commission President Romano Prodi said enlargement "must not be compromised by last-minute inflexibility." Poland led the candidates in last-gasp bid to secure bigger aid handouts from the EU, while existing members like Austria, Portugal and Italy tried to squeeze more concessions from the newcomers. The summit will also have to answer Turkey's demands for a date to start its own negotiations to join the EU. Leaders are expected to schedule membership talks with the Turks in mid-2005, if Ankara can show it meets EU standards of human rights, democracy and economic stability. Turkey says the date is too late and insists its recent reforms - including abolition of the death penalty - should have been enough for the EU to set a date in 2003. Failure to appease the Turks could set the stage for a diplomatic showdown between Western Europe and the Muslim nation of 66 million people. Turkey neighbors Iraq and is viewed by the United States as a vital ally in the war against terrorism. The United States strongly backs Turkey's bid. President Bush lobbied French President Jacques Chirac on Wednesday on the Turkey issue. "My administration is working hard on Turkey's behalf," Bush said Tuesday. Britain is also "championing the cause of Turkey," British Foreign Secretary Jack Straw said in London. Related to the EU’s relations with Turkey is the future of Cyprus, one of the 10 countries due to join in 2004. The EU is hoping the internationally recognized Greek Cypriot government and the breakaway Turkish-backed north will agree on a U.N. reunification plan before the island joins. If not, it's committed to taking in only the Greek Cypriot south, something that would further alienate

雒剥经降置昌大号高级商务英语阅读 Turkey.Turkish help in securing a Cypriot agreement would boost its hopes of a satisfactory date from the EU. Greek Cypriot President Glafcos Clerides flew to the Danish capital Wednesday promising to give"serious thought"to the peace plan.However the Turkish Cypriot leader Rauf Denktash dampened hopes by saying poor health would keep him from Copenhagen. U.S.State Department spokesman Richard Boucher said the summit was an"an opportunity to do several of these things at once...to reach a settlement in Cyprus...(and move Turkey closer to Europe,set them on a path toward accession in a way that's good for the region." In final negotiations Monday and Tuesday,Slovakia,Cyprus and Estonia edged toward an agreement on entry terms.They include an aid package of around $40 billion to be shared among the candidates over the first three years of EU membership. EU officials were confident Hungary,the Czech Republic,Latvia,Lithuania and Slovenia were also on the verge of accepting the package,which will mostly be used to help farmers,build roads,modernize power networks and other infrastructure improvements. However,Poland and Malta were holding out for a better deal.Poland,the largest of the candidates with 39 million people,was seeking more money for its farmers. About 20 percent of Poles depend on agriculture for their livelihood,but under the EU's plan they will receive subsidies at the same rate as their richer western neighbors beginning in 2013. Despite the snags,the summit is likely to finish with an invitation to all 10,paving the way for the biggest expansion in the EU's 45-year history.The additions will bring in 75 million people. An opinion poll published by the EU Wednesday showed citizens within the bloc giving strong support to the arrival of their eastern neighbors. (目前，欧盟是我国第三大贸易伙伴，仅次于日、美：统计表明，对欧盟地区的出口占我出口总额的14.8%。中国则是欧盟第四大贸易伙伴。欧盟成员于2002年12月13日在哥本哈根举行的首脑会议上，决定接纳塞浦路斯、捷克、爱莎尼亚、匈牙利、立陶宛、拉脱维亚、马耳他、波兰、斯洛伐克及斯洛文尼亚的申请，到2004年5 月成为欧盟成员。欧盟接纳东欧及地中海十个准成员国加入，营商环境得到改善，外来直接投资增加，经济取得可观增长。准成员国在过去数年整体的经济增长均较欧盟为高，其国民生活水准不断提升，对进口产品的需求日益增加，市场潜力巨大。第3页共11页

第 3 页共 11 页高级商务英语阅读 Turkey. Turkish help in securing a Cypriot agreement would boost its hopes of a satisfactory date from the EU. Greek Cypriot President Glafcos Clerides flew to the Danish capital Wednesday promising to give "serious thought" to the peace plan. However the Turkish Cypriot leader Rauf Denktash dampened hopes by saying poor health would keep him from Copenhagen. U.S. State Department spokesman Richard Boucher said the summit was an "an opportunity to do several of these things at once ... to reach a settlement in Cyprus ... (and ) move Turkey closer to Europe, set them on a path toward accession in a way that's good for the region." In final negotiations Monday and Tuesday, Slovakia, Cyprus and Estonia edged toward an agreement on entry terms. They include an aid package of around $40 billion to be shared among the candidates over the first three years of EU membership. EU officials were confident Hungary, the Czech Republic, Latvia, Lithuania and Slovenia were also on the verge of accepting the package, which will mostly be used to help farmers, build roads, modernize power networks and other infrastructure improvements. However, Poland and Malta were holding out for a better deal. Poland, the largest of the candidates with 39 million people, was seeking more money for its farmers. About 20 percent of Poles depend on agriculture for their livelihood, but under the EU's plan they will receive subsidies at the same rate as their richer western neighbors beginning in 2013. Despite the snags, the summit is likely to finish with an invitation to all 10, paving the way for the biggest expansion in the EU's 45-year history. The additions will bring in 75 million people. An opinion poll published by the EU Wednesday showed citizens within the bloc giving strong support to the arrival of their eastern neighbors. (目前，欧盟是我国第三大贸易伙伴，仅次于日、美；统计表明，对欧盟地区的出口占我出口总额的 14.8%。中国则是欧盟第四大贸易伙伴。欧盟成员于 2002 年 12 月 13 日在哥本哈根举行的首脑会议上，决定接纳塞浦路斯、捷克、爱莎尼亚、匈牙利、立陶宛、拉脱维亚、马耳他、波兰、斯洛伐克及斯洛文尼亚的申请，到 2004 年 5 月成为欧盟成员。欧盟接纳东欧及地中海十个准成员国加入，营商环境得到改善，外来直接投资增加，经济取得可观增长。准成员国在过去数年整体的经济增长均较欧盟为高，其国民生活水准不断提升，对进口产品的需求日益增加，市场潜力巨大

第 4 页共 11 页高级商务英语阅读准成员国本地生产的消费品，质素参差、价钱昂贵而且种类较少，因此依赖进口。去年香港往所有出口市场输出货品的数字均录得下跌，只有出口往上述欧盟十个准成员国的数字不跌反上升一成。) 2. Enlargement--- A historic opportunity From cooperation to accession Soon after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, the European Community quickly established diplomatic relations with the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. It removed long-standing import quotas on a number of products, extended the Generalised System of Preferences (GSP) and, over the next few years, concluded Trade and Co-operation Agreements with Bulgaria, the former Czechoslovakia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania and Slovenia. In the meantime, the European Community’s Phare Programme, created in 1989, set out to provide financial support for the countries’ efforts to reform and rebuild their economies. Phare soon became the world’s largest assistance programme in Central and Eastern Europe, providing technical expertise and investment support. During the 1990s, the European Community and its Member States progressively concluded Association Agreements, so called ‘Europe Agreements’, with ten countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The Europe Agreements provide the legal basis for bilateral relations between these countries and the EU. The European Community had already established similar Association Agreements with Turkey (1963), Malta (1970) and Cyprus (1972). In the case of Turkey, a Customs Union entered into force in December 1995. Accession criteria In 1993, at the Copenhagen European Council, the Union took a decisive step towards the current enlargement, agreeing that “the associated countries in Central and Eastern Europe that so desire shall become members of the European Union.” Thus, enlargement was no longer a question of ‘if’, but ‘when’

旋剥经降贸墨去号高级商务英语阅读 Regular Reports,covering the ten associated countries in Central and Eastern Europe,Cyprus and Turkey,to the Council in November 1998.Following the reactivation by Malta of its application for membership in October 1998,the Commission adopted,on 17 February 1999,an update of its Opinion from 1993. Since that time,the Commission has presented a complete set of Regular Reports on a yearly basis,covering the ten associated countries in Central and Eastern Europe,Cyprus,Malta,and Turkey. On the basis of its fifth set of Regular Reports,presented in October 2002,the Commission recommended to the European Council that: Cyprus,the Czech Republic,Estonia,Hungary,Latvia,Lithuania,Malta,Poland,the Slovak Republic and Slovenia fulfil the political criteria.Bearing in mind the progress achieved by these countries,the track record in implementing their commitments,and taking into account their preparatory work in progress and foreseen,the Commission considers that these countries will have fulfilled the economic and acquis criteria and will be ready for membership from the beginning of 2004.The Commission therefore recommends to conclude the accession negotiations with these countries by the end of this year with the aim to sign the Accession Treaty in spring 2003. The Commission hopes to see a re-united Cyprus acceding to the European Union on the basis of a comprehensive settlement,as the best outcome for all concerned.As indicated in the conclusions of the Seville European Council,the EU is ready to accommodate the terms of a political settlement in the accession arrangements in line with the principles on which the European Union is founded. The Commission welcomes the continued UN involvement and urges all parties concerned and,in particular Turkey,to lend full support to efforts to reach a comprehensive settlement this year.Cyprus f terms of accession can be adapted to reflect the comprehensive settlement as well as its implications for the application of the acquis throughout the island.The Commission 第6页共11页

第 6 页共 11 页高级商务英语阅读 Regular Reports, covering the ten associated countries in Central and Eastern Europe, Cyprus and Turkey, to the Council in November 1998. Following the reactivation by Malta of its application for membership in October 1998, the Commission adopted, on 17 February 1999, an update of its Opinion from 1993. Since that time, the Commission has presented a complete set of Regular Reports on a yearly basis, covering the ten associated countries in Central and Eastern Europe, Cyprus, Malta, and Turkey. On the basis of its fifth set of Regular Reports, presented in October 2002, the Commission recommended to the European Council that: • Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, the Slovak Republic and Slovenia fulfil the political criteria. Bearing in mind the progress achieved by these countries, the track record in implementing their commitments, and taking into account their preparatory work in progress and foreseen, the Commission considers that these countries will have fulfilled the economic and acquis criteria and will be ready for membership from the beginning of 2004. The Commission therefore recommends to conclude the accession negotiations with these countries by the end of this year with the aim to sign the Accession Treaty in spring 2003. • The Commission hopes to see a re-united Cyprus acceding to the European Union on the basis of a comprehensive settlement, as the best outcome for all concerned. As indicated in the conclusions of the Seville European Council, the EU is ready to accommodate the terms of a political settlement in the accession arrangements in line with the principles on which the European Union is founded. The Commission welcomes the continued UN involvement and urges all parties concerned and, in particular Turkey, to lend full support to efforts to reach a comprehensive settlement this year. Cyprus f terms of accession can be adapted to reflect the comprehensive settlement as well as its implications for the application of the acquis throughout the island. The Commission

链喇挂降餐多产号高级商务英语阅读 has proposed that considerable resources should be made available to support the northern part of the island to catch up and to back up a settlement.In the absence of a settlement,the decisions to be taken in December by the Copenhagen European Council will be based on the conclusions of the Helsinki European Council. Acceding countries need to implement the acquis by the date of accession,except in cases where transitional arrangements have been agreed.Commitments undertaken in the negotiations must be fully met before accession.The Reqular Reports point to a number of areas where further improvements need to be made in the context of the political and economic criteria and in relationship to the adoption,implementation and enforcement of the acquis.These should be vigorously pursued. In order to analyse progress and to facilitate successful membership of the European Union,the Commission will regularly monitor this and report to Council.The Commission will produce six months before the envisaged date of accession a comprehensive monitoring report for the Council and the European Parliament.The Commission considers that a specific safeguard clause needs to be introduced in the Accession Treaty.This clause should allow the Commission for a limited period of time to take appropriate measures in the internal market field. Conclusion of negotiations requires that the necessary solutions be found to the remaining open questions in the negotiations. Bulgaria and Romania have set 2007 as their indicative date for accession.The Commission will strongly support the two countries in achieving this objective,which will continue to be guided by the principles of differentiation and own merits.The Commission will propose,on the basis of the analysis in the 2002 Regular Reports,detailed roadmaps for Bulgaria and Romania before the Copenhagen European Council.In order to prepare Bulgaria and Romania for membership in the European Union,an increased focus will be put on judicial and administrative reform.Furthermore,pre-accession assistance provided to Bulgaria and Romania should be increased considerably from the date of the first round of accessions and linked to progress in implementing the roadmaps.As the accession negotiations with all twelve negotiating candidate countries are an inclusive process,the Accession Treaty should acknowledge that the results reached in the negotiations with 第7页共11页

第 7 页共 11 页高级商务英语阅读 has proposed that considerable resources should be made available to support the northern part of the island to catch up and to back up a settlement. In the absence of a settlement, the decisions to be taken in December by the Copenhagen European Council will be based on the conclusions of the Helsinki European Council. • Acceding countries need to implement the acquis by the date of accession, except in cases where transitional arrangements have been agreed. Commitments undertaken in the negotiations must be fully met before accession. The Regular Reports point to a number of areas where further improvements need to be made in the context of the political and economic criteria and in relationship to the adoption, implementation and enforcement of the acquis. These should be vigorously pursued. In order to analyse progress and to facilitate successful membership of the European Union, the Commission will regularly monitor this and report to Council. The Commission will produce six months before the envisaged date of accession a comprehensive monitoring report for the Council and the European Parliament. The Commission considers that a specific safeguard clause needs to be introduced in the Accession Treaty. This clause should allow the Commission for a limited period of time to take appropriate measures in the internal market field. • Conclusion of negotiations requires that the necessary solutions be found to the remaining open questions in the negotiations. • Bulgaria and Romania have set 2007 as their indicative date for accession. The Commission will strongly support the two countries in achieving this objective, which will continue to be guided by the principles of differentiation and own merits. The Commission will propose, on the basis of the analysis in the 2002 Regular Reports, detailed roadmaps for Bulgaria and Romania before the Copenhagen European Council. In order to prepare Bulgaria and Romania for membership in the European Union, an increased focus will be put on judicial and administrative reform. Furthermore, pre-accession assistance provided to Bulgaria and Romania should be increased considerably from the date of the first round of accessions and linked to progress in implementing the roadmaps. As the accession negotiations with all twelve negotiating candidate countries are an inclusive process, the Accession Treaty should acknowledge that the results reached in the negotiations with