《环境地质学》（双语版） 第三讲 地球表层的塑造过程

环境地质学 Environmental geology 主讲人:万新南教授 Prof wan xinnan 环境地质学 Environmental Geology

环境地质学 Environmental Geology 主讲人：万新南教授 Prof. Wan xinnan 环境地质学Environmental Geology

Part three地难豪层的量 6、Pre降水、江河与洪水 7、 Mass wasting Processes表层整体再塑 (滑坡、泥石流、溶蚀、塌陷 8、海岸线与海岸塑造过程 9、生态与植被 环境地质学 Environmental Geology

Part three 地球表层的塑造过程 环境地质学Environmental Geology 6、Pre降水、江河与洪水 7、Mass Wasting Processes 表层整体再塑 （滑坡、泥石流、溶蚀、塌陷） 8、海岸线与海岸塑造过程 9、生态与植被

Part three地难豪层的量 7、 Mass Wasting Pr。 cesses 表层整体再塑 (滑坡、泥石流、溶蚀、塌陷) 环境地质学 Environmental Geology

Part three 地球表层的塑造过程 环境地质学Environmental Geology 7、Mass Wasting Processes 表层整体再塑 （滑坡、泥石流、溶蚀、塌陷）

Part three地难豪层的量 Mass Wasting processes There is nothing inorganic. The earth is not a mere fragment of dead history, stratum upon stratum like the leaves of a book, to be studied by geologists and antiquaries古玩家 chiefly, but living poetry like the leaves of a tree, which precedes flowers and fruit-not a fossil earth, but a living earth aa Henry David Thoreau 环境地质学 Environmental Geology

Part three 地球表层的塑造过程 环境地质学Environmental Geology Mass Wasting Processes There is nothing inorganic.... The earth is not a mere fragment of dead history, stratum upon stratum like the leaves of a book, to be studied by geologists and antiquaries古玩家 chiefly, but living poetry like the leaves of a tree, which precedes flowers and fruit-not a fossil earth, but a living earth.... Henry David Thoreau

Part three地难豪层的量 Mass Wasting processes A Flowing sand, landslides, and rock falls are examples of mass wasting, the general term for gravitationally induced downslope movement of debris. B Mass-wasting processes operate on sloping lands; eventually the debris reaches a stream or gully where fluvial processes continue the erosional process 环境地质学 Environmental Geology

Part three 地球表层的塑造过程 环境地质学Environmental Geology Mass Wasting Processes A、Flowing sand, landslides, and rock falls are examples of mass wasting, the general term for gravitationally induced downslope movement of debris. B、Mass-wasting processes operate on sloping lands; eventually the debris reaches a stream or gully where fluvial processes continue the erosional process

Part three地难豪层的量 Mass Wasting Processes BEDROCK RY RAPIO Masoo ba 0i stump aslope- RY SLOW wE科A种D CONSOLIDATED MATERIALS MIx D HOCK AND sOI MOSTLY PLASTIC EXTHEMELY RAPID RAPD TO VERY RAPD E PPHOKIMATE RATE Extremely EXTREMELY HAPID. APID TO VERY RAPD Figure 6.1 Classification of landslides(from varnes, 1958) 环境地质学 Environmental Geology

Part three 地球表层的塑造过程 环境地质学Environmental Geology Mass Wasting Processes

Part three地难豪层的量 Mass Wasting Processes BEDROCK Rockfall Rockfall occurs where a cliff of bedrock is exposed to weathering and pieces of the bedrock are pried loose and fall bounce, or roll to rest at the base of the cliff The resulting deposit is 是一叫“m called talus崩塌岩堆( Behre, and ol san cla 1933; Schumm and Chorley, c下xR CONSOLIDATE MATERIALS 1966;Rapp,1976).nan MIxED ROCKS AND SOIL MOSTLY PLASTIC irregularly eroded cliff, talus Rock cones may develop in the guly冲中沟 head areas Fig 6.2).In more extensive RAPID RA种 OTDVEHY x制 ATE RATE OF MOVEMENT cfs, coalescing聚集taus Rapid earthflow cones form a more -Y RAPID Very tapid continuous blanket of debris referred to as scree山麓碎 PID TO VERY AAPT Ai( Jeffreys, 1932; Adrews 1961) Figure 6.1 Classification of landslides(from Varnes, 1958) 环境地质学 Environmental Geology

Part three 地球表层的塑造过程 环境地质学Environmental Geology Mass Wasting Processes Rockfall Rockfall occurs where a cliff of bedrock is exposed to weathering and pieces of the bedrock are pried loose and fall, bounce, or roll to rest at the base of the cliff. The resulting deposit is called talus崩塌岩堆 (Behre, 1933; Schumm and Chorley, 1966; Rapp, 1976). In an irregularly eroded cliff, talus cones may develop in the gully冲沟 head areas (Fig.6.2). In more extensive cliffs, coalescing聚集talus cones form a more continuous blanket of debris referred to as scree 山麓碎 石(Jeffreys, 1932; Adrews, 1961)

Part three地难豪层的量 Mass Wasting Processes Rockfall Soil fai Talus will not rest at an angle greater than the angle of repose. The angle of epose is measured similarly to dip of sedimentary rocks MNOOE RATE e. from the horizontal and Earth now is typically about 33-35 atol by bedane plane Bedrock composition as /emend of son clays well as talus particle size UNCONSOLIDATED MATERIALS angularity, and sorting, has MIXEDROCKSANOSoR MOSTLY PLASTIC some effect on the angle of repose; large angular boulders may rest at up to 40. The angle of repose of RAPID HAPID TO VERY RAPID tATA APPHOXIMATE科 ATE OF open-pit mine waste rock is Rapid earthflow Estreme approximately 38 ERY问APD RAPIO TO V HY HAPD Figure 6.1 Classification of landslides(from Varnes, 1958). 环境地质学 Environmental Geology

Part three 地球表层的塑造过程 环境地质学Environmental Geology Mass Wasting Processes Rockfall Talus will not rest at an angle greater than the angle of repose. The angle of repose is measured similarly to dip of sedimentary rocks, i.e., from the horizontal, and is typically about 33-35°. Bedrock composition, as well as talus particle size, angularity, and sorting, has some effect on the angle of repose; large angular boulders may rest at up to 40°. The angle of repose of open-pit mine waste rock is approximately 38°

Part three地难豪层的量 Mass Wasting Processes Rockfall Soil fai One of the world ' s mos famous talus slopes is the one which formed an mpedment障碍to prospectors开拓者 during the Klondike gold rush of MNOOE RATE Earth now 898. the snow-covered atol by bedane plane talus slope, called the /emend of son clays Scales, was the only access UNCONSOLIDATED MATERIALS to chilkoot Pass and the MIXEDROCKSANOSoR MOSTLY PLASTIC Yukon River. The pass was guarded by the Canadian Northeast Police who required every prospector to RAPID HAPID TO VERY RAPID tATA APPHOXIMATE科 ATE OF carry 1 ton of supplies up Rapid earthflow Estreme the slope and into the ERY问APD interior RAPIO TO V HY HAPD Figure 6.1 Classification of landslides(from Varnes, 1958). 环境地质学 Environmental Geology

Part three 地球表层的塑造过程 环境地质学Environmental Geology Mass Wasting Processes Rockfall One of the world's most famous talus slopes is the one which formed an impedment障碍to prospectors开拓者during the Klondike gold rush of 1898. the snow-covered talus slope, called the Scales, was the only access to Chilkoot Pass and the Yukon River. The pass was guarded by the Canadian Northeast Police, who required every prospector to carry 1 ton of supplies up the slope and into the interior

Part three地难豪层的量 Mass Wasting Processes One of the world 's most Soil fai famous talus slopes is the one which formed an impedmen障碍to prospectors开拓者 during the Klondike gold rush of 1898. the snow-covered MNOOE RATE Earth now talus slope, called the atol by bedane plane Scales, was the only /emend of son clays access to chilkoot Pass UNCONSOLIDATED MATERIALS and the Yukon river. the MIXEDROCKSANOSoR MOSTLY PLASTIC pass was guarded by the Canadian Northeast Police, who required every prospectorto carry 1 ton RAPID HAPID TO VERY RAPID tATA APPHOXIMATE科 ATE OF of supplies up the slope Rapid earthflow Estreme and into the interior ERY问APD RAPIO TO V HY HAPD Figure 6.1 Classification of landslides(from Varnes, 1958). 环境地质学 Environmental Geology

Part three 地球表层的塑造过程 环境地质学Environmental Geology Mass Wasting Processes One of the world's most famous talus slopes is the one which formed an impedment障碍to prospectors开拓者 during the Klondike gold rush of 1898. the snow-covered talus slope, called the Scales, was the only access to Chilkoot Pass and the Yukon River. The pass was guarded by the Canadian Northeast Police, who required every prospector to carry 1 ton of supplies up the slope and into the interior