化学工程实验教学资源（安全资料）耶鲁大学——Chemistry Department Safety Manual

团购合买资源类别：文库，文档格式：PDF，文档页数：24，文件大小：426.5KB

24IX.LaboratoryDoorEmergencyStickerI.IntroductionThe wide variety of chemicals, biological agents, radioactive materials and research equipment that may present risktoresearchersand staffalikerequires propertraining,awareness,andvigilance.Thisdocument'sprincipal focus isupon chemical safety.However,there is something here for everyone! There is an old saying that familiarity breedscontempt.This adage is true if one adopts a cavalier attitudetoward one's local work environment.On the otherhand,itisimportantthatallresearchersbeinformedaboutpotentialdangersoutsideoftheirownlaboratoryAccidents may arise whenyou visit a laboratorythat is out of your area ofexpertise.Moreover,there is the outsidechance that you may find yourself called upon to aid a fellow researcher in need of medical assistance.Would yoube adequately prepared?This document was compiled with the assistance of the Yale Office of Environmental Health and Safety to addressissues thathave immediaterelevance to the Department of Chemistry.These guidelines are intended to focusattention ontheaspects of laboratory safetythatarethecommon concernof all whoworkintheChemistryDepartment.Ifa particular operation orprocedure isnotmentioned in this document, onemaynot assume thattheprocedure or operation is safe.Its absencemay simply reflect the impossibilityof anticipatingall conceivable andspecializedlaboratorysituations.This document does not replace Yale University's Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP)..The CHP was written to complywith the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA)laboratory health standard (OccupationalExposurestoHazardousChemicals inLaboratories(29CFR1910.1450)).TheCHP isthemostdetailed andauthoritativeinformationTheCHPisavailableonlineavailabletoyou.athttp:/www.yale.edu/oehs/pdfforms.htm in PDF format or from the Office of Environmental Health & Safety (5-3550).The CHP identifies howYale University is complying with issues of chemical safety.It is yourresponsibilitytoreviewand tofollowtheprocedures outlined in this plan.Before a researcher (staff assistant,postdoctoral, graduate student orundergraduate)begins initial work in alaboratory,he/sheistobeapprisedofpotential hazards(chemicals,lasers,autoclaves,etc.)associated withtheparticular laboratory in whichhe/shewill work.Researchers aretobe instructed bytheirresearcheradvisoronpersonal protective equipmentthat should be worn.Theuse of Personal Protective Equipment(PPE)isdiscussed in the CHP, Appendix G.All researchers who use chemicals must take the on-line Laboratory Chemical Safety training course[http:/info.med.yale.edu/chemsafe/] or attend the training sessions offered at OEHS.Atraining schedulecan be found on the OEHS webpage [www.yale.edu/oehs/trainingreq.htm].All researchers who generate hazardous waste must take the on-line Hazard Chemical Waste Managementtraining course [http://info.med.yale.edu/chemhaz/].If youhave questions about safelaboratorypractices, see your research advisor or a memberof the departmentalsafetycommittee,callyourOEHSSafetyAdvisor,theOEHSat5-3550,orconsultwebresourceslisted in SectionII.Il.SafetyLinks ontheInternet3

3 IX. Laboratory Door Emergency Sticker 24 I. Introduction The wide variety of chemicals, biological agents, radioactive materials and research equipment that may present risk to researchers and staff alike requires proper training, awareness, and vigilance. This document's principal focus is upon chemical safety. However, there is something here for everyone! There is an old saying that familiarity breeds contempt. This adage is true if one adopts a cavalier attitude toward one's local work environment. On the other hand, it is important that all researchers be informed about potential dangers outside of their own laboratory. Accidents may arise when you visit a laboratory that is out of your area of expertise. Moreover, there is the outside chance that you may find yourself called upon to aid a fellow researcher in need of medical assistance. Would you be adequately prepared? This document was compiled with the assistance of the Yale Office of Environmental Health and Safety to address issues that have immediate relevance to the Department of Chemistry. These guidelines are intended to focus attention on the aspects of laboratory safety that are the common concern of all who work in the Chemistry Department. If a particular operation or procedure is not mentioned in this document, one may not assume that the procedure or operation is safe. Its absence may simply reflect the impossibility of anticipating all conceivable and specialized laboratory situations. This document does not replace Yale University's Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP). The CHP was written to comply with the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA) laboratory health standard (Occupational Exposures to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories (29 CFR 1910.1450)). The CHP is the most detailed and authoritative information available to you. The CHP is available online at http://www.yale.edu/oehs/pdfforms.htm in PDF format or from the Office of Environmental Health & Safety (5- 3550). The CHP identifies how Yale University is complying with issues of chemical safety. It is your responsibility to review and to follow the procedures outlined in this plan. • Before a researcher (staff assistant, postdoctoral, graduate student or undergraduate) begins initial work in a laboratory, he/she is to be apprised of potential hazards (chemicals, lasers, autoclaves, etc.) associated with the particular laboratory in which he/she will work. Researchers are to be instructed by their researcher advisor on personal protective equipment that should be worn. The use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is discussed in the CHP, Appendix G. • All researchers who use chemicals must take the on-line Laboratory Chemical Safety training course [http://info.med.yale.edu/chemsafe/] or attend the training sessions offered at OEHS. A training schedule can be found on the OEHS webpage [www.yale.edu/oehs/trainingreq.htm]. • All researchers who generate hazardous waste must take the on-line Hazard Chemical Waste Management training course [http://info.med.yale.edu/chemhaz/] . If you have questions about safe laboratory practices, see your research advisor or a member of the departmental safety committee, call your OEHS Safety Advisor, the OEHS at 5-3550, or consult web resources listed in Section II. II. Safety Links on the Internet

safety-relatedlinkstheImportantavailableChemistryDepartment'swebsiteareat[http:/www.chem.yale.edu/resources.html]andbelow:YaleOfficeofEnvironmentalHealthandSafetyhttp://www.yale.edu/oehs/YaleUniversityChemical HygienePlanhttp://www.yale.edu/oehs/PDFfiles/chprev98.pdfChemical Hazardous WasteDisposal Traininghttp://info.med.yale.edu/chemhaz/Chemical SafetyintheLaboratoryTraininghttp://info.med.vale.edu/chemsafeChemicalHazardousWasteDisposalRuleshttp://www.yale.edu/oehs/hazwaste.htmMaterial SafetyDataSheets(MSDS)http://www.yale.edu/oehs/msds.htmLaserSafetyManual1997http://www.yale.edu/oehs/PDF_files/laserman.pdfChemical,Biological &Radioactive Spillshttp://www.yale.edu/oehs/emergpr.htnhttp://www.cdc.gov/od/ohs/biosfty/bmbl4/bmbl4s3.htmLaboratoryBiosafetyLevelCriteriaRadiation Safety Procedures Manual 1997http://www.yale.edu/oehs/PDFfiles/radmanO0.pdfThe SCL Library has safety related manuals.Prudent Practices in the Chemical Laboratory:Handling andDisposalofChemicals(1995)is anexcellent sourceIll. Cardinal Rules ofLaboratory SafetyBe sure that your fume hood works properly; use it for all chemical operations.Use a vaneometer to checkhoodflowrates (acceptablerate:100±20linearfeetperminute)Ifyoucallthephysicalplant(2-6888),besureyoualsoe-mailJoanneBentleythatyouhavedonesotoassurethattheworkiscompletedNever work in the laboratory alone.Make sure someone is within shouting distanceAlwayswear eyeprotection inthelaboratory.Forroutinework,prescriptionglasses withtempered lensesorplasticglasses(availableinthestockroom)areacceptable.Forwork underconditionsof specialhazard(explosion,corrosivechemicals),useafaceshield.EYEPROTECTIONALSOISREOUIREDFORALLVISITORSINTHELABORATORYForthepurposeofthisguideline,the"laboratory"isdefinedasthebencharea ora supportingnon-isolated instrumentationroom.Contactlenses should notbeworn inthelaboratory.They offer little protection and, ifa chemical should enter your eyes, contact lenses will hinderproperfirstaidWhen working with chemicals, wear gloves that are appropriate for the material being handled. Use ofespeciallyhazardous reagents (bromine,chlorosulfonic acid,etc.)may require arubber apronalsoProtectivegarments are not equallyeffective foreveryhazardous chemical.Check withYale's CHP(2.3.2.2) at http://www.yale.edu/ oehs/pdfforms.htm.Keepa clean laboratory,Clutteroffers theopportunityforaccidentsEating, drinking, and smoking are forbidden in the laboratory (See University Policy on Eating, Drinking,and Smoking in Yale's CHP, Appendix B).Food and drink containers located in the laboratory are apresumption (OSHA) of these activities having been carried out in the laboratory.In KCL,the"Fishbowl"is normallyavailableasa lunchroom.Smoking isforbiddenwithintheconfinesofbothKCLandSCLFollow theprescribed procedures(http://www.yale.edu/oehs/hazwaste.htm)for disposal ofchemicalwasteandforthestorageof chemicals.Dowhatyoucantoreducethechemical wastegeneratedinthecourse ofyour research.Never pipette by mouth.4

4 Important safety-related links are available at the Chemistry Department's website [http://www.chem.yale.edu/resources.html] and below: Yale Office of Environmental Health and Safety http://www.yale.edu/oehs/ Yale University Chemical Hygiene Plan http://www.yale.edu/oehs/PDF_files/chp_rev98.pdf Chemical Hazardous Waste Disposal Training http://info.med.yale.edu/chemhaz/ Chemical Safety in the Laboratory Training http://info.med.yale.edu/chemsafe/ Chemical Hazardous Waste Disposal Rules http://www.yale.edu/oehs/hazwaste.htm Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) http://www.yale.edu/oehs/msds.htm Laser Safety Manual 1997 http://www.yale.edu/oehs/PDF_files/laserman.pdf Chemical,Biological & Radioactive Spills http://www.yale.edu/oehs/emergpr.htm Laboratory Biosafety Level Criteria http://www.cdc.gov/od/ohs/biosfty/bmbl4/bmbl4s3.htm Radiation Safety Procedures Manual 1997 http://www.yale.edu/oehs/PDF_files/radman00.pdf The SCL Library has safety related manuals. Prudent Practices in the Chemical Laboratory: Handling and Disposal of Chemicals (1995) is an excellent source. III. Cardinal Rules of Laboratory Safety • Be sure that your fume hood works properly; use it for all chemical operations. Use a vaneometer to check hood flow rates (acceptable rate: 100 ± 20 linear feet per minute). If you call the physical plant (2-6888), be sure you also e-mail Joanne Bentley that you have done so to assure that the work is completed. • Never work in the laboratory alone. Make sure someone is within shouting distance. • Always wear eye protection in the laboratory. For routine work, prescription glasses with tempered lenses or plastic glasses (available in the stockroom) are acceptable. For work under conditions of special hazard (explosion, corrosive chemicals), use a face shield. EYE PROTECTION ALSO IS REQUIRED FOR ALL VISITORS IN THE LABORATORY. For the purpose of this guideline, the "laboratory" is defined as the bench area or a supporting non-isolated instrumentation room. Contact lenses should not be worn in the laboratory. They offer little protection and, if a chemical should enter your eyes, contact lenses will hinder proper first aid. • When working with chemicals, wear gloves that are appropriate for the material being handled. Use of especially hazardous reagents (bromine, chlorosulfonic acid, etc.) may require a rubber apron also. Protective garments are not equally effective for every hazardous chemical. Check with Yale's CHP (2.3.2.2) at http://www.yale.edu/ oehs/pdfforms.htm. • Keep a clean laboratory. Clutter offers the opportunity for accidents. • Eating, drinking, and smoking are forbidden in the laboratory (See University Policy on Eating, Drinking, and Smoking in Yale's CHP, Appendix B). Food and drink containers located in the laboratory are a presumption (OSHA) of these activities having been carried out in the laboratory. In KCL, the "Fishbowl" is normally available as a lunchroom. Smoking is forbidden within the confines of both KCL and SCL. • Follow the prescribed procedures (http://www.yale.edu/oehs/hazwaste.htm) for disposal of chemical waste and for the storage of chemicals. Do what you can to reduce the chemical waste generated in the course of your research. • Never pipette by mouth

Keep aisles and corridors clear.Do not store chemicals on thefloor,even temporarily.Access to emergencyequipment(fireextinguishers,showers,etc.)mustbeunobstructed.Know what you are doing in the laboratory. If you do not know how to go about an operation, asksomeonewhodoes.Become familiar with the location of fire extinguishers, spill kits, and safety blankets in your area.Familiarizeyourself withtheiruse.All chemical laboratories musthave access to a spillkit.Spillkits areavailableinthestockroom.Do not carry chemicals inglass bottles through thehallways withoutusinga rubber bucketor cart.Thestockroom has safety carriers for sale.Large flasks (e.g., Erlenmeyer) should be moved from room to roomortoandfromautoclavesoncarts.When you check out at the end of your studies in the the Chemistry Department, make sure your bench anddesk arecleanand thatall wastechemicals areproperlyremovedBESURETHATTHECONTENTSOFALL CONTAINERS ARE PROPERLY IDENTIFIED.Disposal of unknown materials costs are at least anorderofmagnitudegreaterthanfornormal disposalWrite (in indelible pen)the date on new chemicals that are brought into the laboratory.This procedure isparticularly important for peroxide-forming compounds (e.g-, diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran (THF))Thefollowing sections are intended to give moredetails on some specificprocedures.It mustbere-emphasizedhowever,thatno setof rules can substitutefor common sense and agood professional attitudetoward laboratorysafety.IV.CardinalRules of LaserSafetyThewordlaser"is an acronymforthephraseLightAmplification through Simulated Emissionof Radiation."Thelaser is a source of extremely intense light having properties that are very different from the light emitted by moreconventional sources.Oneshould be awareof theseuniquecharacteristics andmustobservetheproper safetyprecautions before attempting to operate such devices. The energy level of a laser can be high enough to causeseriousdamagetotheeve.withpossibleloss ofvisionif thebeamwereto impinge directlyon theretinaFurthermore,uncontrolled laser light can causeserious flesh burns,ignite inflammablematerials,and damagesensitive optical equipment. Since laser radiation is collimated and coherent the energy in an emerging beamremains high and, therefore,dangerous even after propagating large distancesfrom thesource.The user is thereforeadvised to observethefollowing safetyrules:Thecovers forthepower supplyand optical headalways should be inplacewhen thelaseris energized.Built-ininterlocksaredesignedtoterminatelaser emissionif covers areremoved.Undernormal conditions,opticalradiation onlywill beemitted throughtheoutput aperture-coverremoval canleadto several addition sourcesof (uncontrolled)radiation output.Limit laser access to those individuals familiar with the equipment. Inexperienced and untrained personnelshould observe strict safety precautions.In particular,do not wear highly reflective jewelry,watches, etc. whenworking inthe vicinityofa laser source!Endeavor tokeep all laserbeams at heights far removed from normal eye level.Inparticular,when bendingover(e.g.,topickupadroppedpenorpad),itisadvisabletoturnawayfromthelaserapparatusand/orcloseyour eyes as your head passes through“beam level."Donotoperatethelaserinthepresenceofflammables,combustibles,explosives,orvolatilesubstances.Donotallowthebeamto impingeuponflammableorcombustiblematerials(e.g.,wood,paper,paint,etc.).5

5 • Keep aisles and corridors clear. Do not store chemicals on the floor, even temporarily. Access to emergency equipment (fire extinguishers, showers, etc.) must be unobstructed. • Know what you are doing in the laboratory. If you do not know how to go about an operation, ask someone who does. • Become familiar with the location of fire extinguishers, spill kits, and safety blankets in your area. Familiarize yourself with their use. All chemical laboratories must have access to a spill kit. Spill kits are available in the stockroom. • Do not carry chemicals in glass bottles through the hallways without using a rubber bucket or cart. The stockroom has safety carriers for sale. Large flasks (e.g., Erlenmeyer) should be moved from room to room or to and from autoclaves on carts. • When you check out at the end of your studies in the the Chemistry Department, make sure your bench and desk are clean and that all waste chemicals are properly removed. BE SURE THAT THE CONTENTS OF ALL CONTAINERS ARE PROPERLY IDENTIFIED. Disposal of unknown materials costs are at least an order of magnitude greater than for normal disposal. • Write (in indelible pen) the date on new chemicals that are brought into the laboratory. This procedure is particularly important for peroxide-forming compounds (e.g., diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran (THF)). The following sections are intended to give more details on some specific procedures. It must be re-emphasized, however, that no set of rules can substitute for common sense and a good professional attitude toward laboratory safety. IV. Cardinal Rules of Laser Safety The word “laser” is an acronym for the phrase “Light Amplification through Simulated Emission of Radiation.” The laser is a source of extremely intense light having properties that are very different from the light emitted by more conventional sources. One should be aware of these unique characteristics and must observe the proper safety precautions before attempting to operate such devices. The energy level of a laser can be high enough to cause serious damage to the eye, with possible loss of vision if the beam were to impinge directly on the retina. Furthermore, uncontrolled laser light can cause serious flesh burns, ignite inflammable materials, and damage sensitive optical equipment. Since laser radiation is collimated and coherent, the energy in an emerging beam remains high and, therefore, dangerous even after propagating large distances from the source. The user is therefore advised to observe the following safety rules: • The covers for the power supply and optical head always should be in place when the laser is energized. Built-in interlocks are designed to terminate laser emission if covers are removed. Under normal conditions, optical radiation only will be emitted through the output aperture – cover removal can lead to several addition sources of (uncontrolled) radiation output. • Limit laser access to those individuals familiar with the equipment. Inexperienced and untrained personnel should observe strict safety precautions. In particular, do not wear highly reflective jewelry, watches, etc. when working in the vicinity of a laser source! • Endeavor to keep all laser beams at heights far removed from normal eye level. In particular, when bending over (e.g., to pick up a dropped pen or pad), it is advisable to turn away from the laser apparatus and/or close your eyes as your head passes through “beam level.” • Do not operate the laser in the presence of flammables, combustibles, explosives, or volatile substances. Do not allow the beam to impinge upon flammable or combustible materials (e.g., wood, paper, paint, etc.)

When the laser is on and the output beam is not being terminated in an experiment or optical system, theemitted lightshouldbeblocked.Usealaserpowermeterorsomeothernon-reflecting,non-flammableobject(i.e.,a specially-designed“beam dump")Alwaysblockthelasersourcewhenmovingopticalcomponentsintooroutofthepathtraversedbyalaserbeam.Inparticular,do notallow reflectiveobjects tobeplaced intotheoptical path as the scattered lightcanbejustas dangerousas theprimarybeam.NEVERLOOKDIRECTLYINTOEITHERTHEMAINLASERBEAMORANYSECONDARY/STRAYBEAMNEVERSIGHTDOWNABEAMINTOITSSOURCE.Do not expose skin to direct laser emission as its intensity can be sufficient to cause severe flesh woundsWhenaligninga chain ofoptical components, it is advisable to reducetheoutputpower ofthe laserto as lowalevel aspossible,therebyminimizingthedangerassociatedwith(accidental)strayreflections orrefractionsIt is required to post warning signs and to limit access to the laser area whenever the laser is in operation.Wheninitiatinglaseremission,be sureto informanyotherindividuals intheroomWhenever possible, wear the appropriate laser safety goggles. There are two hazards that exist when wearingsuch devices while operating lasers.First, the glasses make thelaser beam itself invisible,therebyincreasing thedanger of inadvertent skin burns. Second, laser goggles may not afford sufficient protection if a very powerfullaser beam is viewed directly.Most laser systems combine electricity with therapid flow of cooling water.Although somewhatmundanecompared to optical hazards, the dangers presented by such circumstances must not be ignored or overlooked.Indeed, the high voltages and highcurrents found in most lasers havethepotential to cause fatal electricalshocks (see Section V-B-vi).Therefore, only experienced personnel should be allowed to delve into eitherpower supplies or optical heads.In anyevent, extreme precautions should betaken when undertaking thediagnosis and/orrepairofafaulty laser.VLaboratoryAccidentsA.ChemicalSpills[http://www.yale.edu/oehs/emergpr.htm]A-i.GeneralInformationTry to anticipate the types of spills that can occur in your laboratory and obtain the necessary equipment (spill kits,personal protective equipment, and disinfection materials if biological materials are present in the laboratory) torespond to a spill prior to it happening.You should only clean up minor spills of chemicals with whose clean upprocedure you are familiar.If the spill istoo large,highlytoxic ora reactive chemical,call for assistance immediately.TheOfficeofEnvironmental Health & Safety is equipped to handlemost spills that can occur at the University.If there is theslightest doubt regarding how to proceed, call for assistance. In the case of highly toxic spills, evacuate the room,anddonotallowanyonetoenteruntilassistancearrives.Environmental Health & Safety,5-3555 (8:30A.M.-5:00P.M., Weekdays)University Police 111 or 2-4400 (All Other Times)Thefollowing compoundsareconsideredveryhazardous.Youshouldnotcleanthemupyourself6

6 • When the laser is on and the output beam is not being terminated in an experiment or optical system, the emitted light should be blocked. Use a laser power meter or some other non-reflecting, non-flammable object (i.e., a specially-designed “beam dump”). • Always block the laser source when moving optical components into or out of the path traversed by a laser beam. In particular, do not allow reflective objects to be placed into the optical path as the scattered light can be just as dangerous as the primary beam. • NEVER LOOK DIRECTLY INTO EITHER THE MAIN LASER BEAM OR ANY SECONDARY/STRAY BEAM. NEVER SIGHT DOWN A BEAM INTO ITS SOURCE. • Do not expose skin to direct laser emission as its intensity can be sufficient to cause severe flesh wounds. • When aligning a chain of optical components, it is advisable to reduce the output power of the laser to as low a level as possible, thereby minimizing the danger associated with (accidental) stray reflections or refractions. • It is required to post warning signs and to limit access to the laser area whenever the laser is in operation. When initiating laser emission, be sure to inform any other individuals in the room. • Whenever possible, wear the appropriate laser safety goggles. There are two hazards that exist when wearing such devices while operating lasers. First, the glasses make the laser beam itself invisible, thereby increasing the danger of inadvertent skin burns. Second, laser goggles may not afford sufficient protection if a very powerful laser beam is viewed directly. • Most laser systems combine electricity with the rapid flow of cooling water. Although somewhat mundane compared to optical hazards, the dangers presented by such circumstances must not be ignored or overlooked. Indeed, the high voltages and high currents found in most lasers have the potential to cause fatal electrical shocks (see Section V-B-vi). Therefore, only experienced personnel should be allowed to delve into either power supplies or optical heads. In any event, extreme precautions should be taken when undertaking the diagnosis and/or repair of a faulty laser. V. Laboratory Accidents A. Chemical Spills [http://www.yale.edu/oehs/emergpr.htm] A-i. General Information Try to anticipate the types of spills that can occur in your laboratory and obtain the necessary equipment (spill kits, personal protective equipment, and disinfection materials if biological materials are present in the laboratory) to respond to a spill prior to it happening. You should only clean up minor spills of chemicals with whose clean up procedure you are familiar. If the spill is too large, highly toxic or a reactive chemical, call for assistance immediately. The Office of Environmental Health & Safety is equipped to handle most spills that can occur at the University. If there is the slightest doubt regarding how to proceed, call for assistance. In the case of highly toxic spills, evacuate the room, and do not allow anyone to enter until assistance arrives. Environmental Health & Safety, 5-3555 (8:30 A.M.-5:00 P.M., Weekdays) University Police 111 or 2-4400 (All Other Times) The following compounds are considered very hazardous. You should not clean them up yourself

AromaticaminesHydrazineBromineHexamethylphosphoramide(HMPA)Carbon disulfideOrganicHalidesCyanidesNitrilesEthersandotherIAflammablesolventsNitrocompoundsA-ii.Minor Chemical Spills [http:/www.yale.edu/oehs/chemspil.htm]If you are cleaning up a small spill yourself, alert people in the immediate area of the spill and make sure that youareawareof thehazards associatedwiththematerial spilled.Haveadequateventilation (openwindows,fumehoodson) and proper protective equipment (minimum:gloves, goggles, and lab coat).Neutralize and absorb inorganicacids and basesappropriately.Forother chemicals,usea spillkitwith spill pads orpapertowels.Consider allresidual chemicals and cleanupmaterials(absorbent,gloves,etc.)a hazardouswaste.Placethematerials in sealedcontainers(plasticbags)and storethemin achemical fumehood.ContactEnvironmental Servicesfordisposalandpickup (5-3551).A-il...MajorChemicalSpills[http://www.yale.edu/oehs/chemspil.htm]Attend to injured or contaminated personnel and remove them from exposure.Alert people in the laboratory toevacuate.If the spilled material is flammable, turn off ignition and heat sources.Place spill pads or paper towels, ifavailable,overthespilltominimizeevaporation.Call theEmergencyResponsenumber(5-3555).Closedoorstotheaffected area.Have a person withknowledge of the incident available when the emergencyteamarrives.Atnightoron weekends, call the UniversityPoliceat 111 (2-4400)A-iv.SpillsofSpecificMaterialsIn case of a MERCURY spill use mechanical means or a portable pipette vacuum, do not use house vacuum or avacuum cleaner.Cover small droplets in inaccessible areas with powdered sulfur.Placetheresidue in a labeledcontainerandcallEnvironmental Services(5-3551)fordisposalandpick-up.TheOfficeofEnvironmental Health&Safety(5-3550)hasavacuumspecificallydesignedtocollectmercury.Contactthem if youhaveamercuryspillinexcessoftheamountfoundinastandardlaboratorythermometerTo cleanup ALKALI METAL spills, smother with anhydrous sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate,powderedgraphite, sand, or "Met-L-X" and call for emergency assistance (5-3555)B.Personal Contamination and InjuryB-i.ResponsibilityShould a laboratory accident occur,it is theresponsibility of uninjured laboratory occupants nearby to initiatefirstaidtreatmenttothevictim if trainedorqualifiedtodo so,andto arrangefor notificationofmedical personnel.Forallbutthemostminorinjuries,thevictimshouldbetransportedbytheYalePolice(emergencytelephone111o2-4400)toYaleHealth Servicesforprofessionalobservationandtreatment.BESURETHATYOUTELLTHEUNIVERSITYPOLICEYOURBUILDINGANDSTREETADDRESS.KLINECHEMISTRYHASBEENCONFUSEDWITHKLINETOWERANDKLINEGEOLOGYVictimswho cannotreadilywalk shouldbetransportedbyambulance.Untilmedical helpcomes,DONOTLEAVETHEVICTIMUNATTENDED.Accidents7

7 Aromatic amines Hydrazine Bromine Hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) Carbon disulfide Organic Halides Cyanides Nitriles Ethers and other IA flammable solvents Nitro compounds A-ii. Minor Chemical Spills [http://www.yale.edu/oehs/chemspil.htm] If you are cleaning up a small spill yourself, alert people in the immediate area of the spill and make sure that you are aware of the hazards associated with the material spilled. Have adequate ventilation (open windows, fume hoods on) and proper protective equipment (minimum: gloves, goggles, and lab coat). Neutralize and absorb inorganic acids and bases appropriately. For other chemicals, use a spill kit with spill pads or paper towels. Consider all residual chemicals and cleanup materials (absorbent, gloves, etc.) a hazardous waste. Place the materials in sealed containers (plastic bags) and store them in a chemical fume hood. Contact Environmental Services for disposal and pickup (5-3551). A-iii. Major Chemical Spills [http://www.yale.edu/oehs/chemspil.htm] Attend to injured or contaminated personnel and remove them from exposure. Alert people in the laboratory to evacuate. If the spilled material is flammable, turn off ignition and heat sources. Place spill pads or paper towels, if available, over the spill to minimize evaporation. Call the Emergency Response number (5-3555). Close doors to the affected area. Have a person with knowledge of the incident available when the emergency team arrives. At night or on weekends, call the University Police at 111 (2-4400). A-iv. Spills of Specific Materials In case of a MERCURY spill use mechanical means or a portable pipette vacuum, do not use house vacuum or a vacuum cleaner. Cover small droplets in inaccessible areas with powdered sulfur. Place the residue in a labeled container and call Environmental Services (5-3551) for disposal and pick-up. The Office of Environmental Health & Safety (5-3550) has a vacuum specifically designed to collect mercury. Contact them if you have a mercury spill in excess of the amount found in a standard laboratory thermometer. To cleanup ALKALI METAL spills, smother with anhydrous sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate, powdered graphite, sand, or "Met-L-X" and call for emergency assistance (5-3555). B. Personal Contamination and Injury B-i. Responsibility Should a laboratory accident occur, it is the responsibility of uninjured laboratory occupants nearby to initiate first aid treatment to the victim if trained or qualified to do so, and to arrange for notification of medical personnel. For all but the most minor injuries, the victim should be transported by the Yale Police (emergency telephone 111 or 2-4400) to Yale Health Services for professional observation and treatment. BE SURE THAT YOU TELL THE UNIVERSITY POLICE YOUR BUILDING AND STREET ADDRESS. KLINE CHEMISTRY HAS BEEN CONFUSED WITH KLINE TOWER AND KLINE GEOLOGY. Victims who cannot readily walk should be transported by ambulance. Until medical help comes, DO NOT LEAVE THE VICTIM UNATTENDED. Accidents

shouldalsobereportedtothedepartmental safetyofficerandtheOfficeof EnvironmentalHealth&Safety(5-3550)B-ii.EssentialProceduresintheCaseofanAccidentIf an individual is contaminated or exposed to a hazardous material in thelaboratory,do what is necessary toprotecthis/her lifeandhealthas well as yourown.Determinethenatureofthehazardousmaterial.Donotmovean injured person unlesshe/sheisinfurtherdangerfrom inhalationorfurther skinexposure.Keepthevictimwarm andrecumbent.Provide mouth-to-mouth resuscitation at first suspicion of difficulty in breathing, if trained to do so.If the person is in contact with a live electrical circuit, DO NOT TOUCH HIM/HER.Disconnect the powerfirstbyturning off circuitbreakers orbydislocating the livewire witha non-conducting object.In the case of severe bleeding, don gloves and other PPE as necessary,place a pad or cloth on the cut andapplyfirmpressuretocontrolthebleeding.Getmedical attention andassistanceimmediatelybydialing111(2-4400)UniversityPolice(ambulance)2-0123YaleUniversityHealthServicesB-ili.Burning Clothing and Thermal BurnsIf clothes are on fire, immediately deluge the victim with water under a safety shower and wrap him/her in a blanketto extinguishthe fire completely.Do not use afire extinguisher on aperson whose clothing is burning.Remove theclothingcontaminatedwith chemicals butdonotremoveclothingthat has burnedontotheskin.Immersetheburnedarea in very cold or ice water until pain not only is relieved but also doesnotreturn when the burned area is removedfrom the water. If the burn cannot be immersed, apply ice cold compressesWhen there are extensive burns, beware of shock.Keep patient quiet (with sufficient blankets to keep him/her warm,not hot).Be careful not to contaminate theburned area.Cover the burned area with sterilegauzeor a sheet.DONOT apply ointments, lotions or cleanser to the burned area. Contact Yale Police (dial: 11l)and request immediatemedical attention.B-iv.Chemical Spills on the BodyRemove the victim from contact with the chemical as promptly as possible.If clothing has been contaminated,immediatelyremoveall contaminatedclothingwhilethevictimisundera shower.(Donot overlook shoes!)Affected areas of the skin should be thoroughly flushed with water (at least 15 minutes) by shower.Do not applyneutralizing or buffering agents.During flushing,goggles should be left on the victim until his head and face havebeenwashed.Contact the Yale Police (dial:111 or 2-4400) to transfer the victim to the Yale Health Services or the EmergencyRoom.Call theHealth Service(2-0123)andtheOfficeof Environmental Healthand Safety(5-3555)sothatinformation on the appropriate treatment can be identified and made available to the injured person when theyarrive.If you have information on appropriate treatments (chemical antidotes, etc.),relay this information.8

8 should also be reported to the departmental safety officer and the Office of Environmental Health & Safety (5- 3550). B-ii. Essential Procedures in the Case of an Accident • If an individual is contaminated or exposed to a hazardous material in the laboratory, do what is necessary to protect his/her life and health as well as your own. Determine the nature of the hazardous material. • Do not move an injured person unless he/she is in further danger from inhalation or further skin exposure. Keep the victim warm and recumbent. • Provide mouth-to-mouth resuscitation at first suspicion of difficulty in breathing, if trained to do so. • If the person is in contact with a live electrical circuit, DO NOT TOUCH HIM/HER. Disconnect the power first by turning off circuit breakers or by dislocating the live wire with a non-conducting object. • In the case of severe bleeding, don gloves and other PPE as necessary, place a pad or cloth on the cut and apply firm pressure to control the bleeding. • Get medical attention and assistance immediately by dialing: University Police (ambulance) 111 (2-4400) Yale University Health Services 2-0123 B-iii. Burning Clothing and Thermal Burns If clothes are on fire, immediately deluge the victim with water under a safety shower and wrap him/her in a blanket to extinguish the fire completely. Do not use a fire extinguisher on a person whose clothing is burning. Remove the clothing contaminated with chemicals but do not remove clothing that has burned onto the skin. Immerse the burned area in very cold or ice water until pain not only is relieved but also does not return when the burned area is removed from the water. If the burn cannot be immersed, apply ice cold compresses. When there are extensive burns, beware of shock. Keep patient quiet (with sufficient blankets to keep him/her warm, not hot). Be careful not to contaminate the burned area. Cover the burned area with sterile gauze or a sheet. DO NOT apply ointments, lotions or cleanser to the burned area. Contact Yale Police (dial: 111) and request immediate medical attention. B-iv. Chemical Spills on the Body Remove the victim from contact with the chemical as promptly as possible. If clothing has been contaminated, immediately remove all contaminated clothing while the victim is under a shower. (Do not overlook shoes!) Affected areas of the skin should be thoroughly flushed with water (at least 15 minutes) by shower. Do not apply neutralizing or buffering agents. During flushing, goggles should be left on the victim until his head and face have been washed. Contact the Yale Police (dial: 111 or 2-4400) to transfer the victim to the Yale Health Services or the Emergency Room. Call the Health Service (2-0123) and the Office of Environmental Health and Safety (5-3555) so that information on the appropriate treatment can be identified and made available to the injured person when they arrive. If you have information on appropriate treatments (chemical antidotes, etc.), relay this information

B-V.CutsIf blood is spurting,dongloves andotherPPEas necessary,placeapad directlyonthewound and applyfirmpressure, wrap the injured in a fire blanket to avoid shock, and obtain immediate medical attention.Never useatourniquet.In the caseof a less severebut still major cut, the YalePolice should be contacted fortransfer ofthevictim toYale Health Services.Only in the case of trivial cuts should the wound simply be washed and a bandageapplied.Report all injuries to your laboratory supervisor or principal investigator.The mostfrequent causeof cuts in the laboratory is themishandling of glassware.Insertionof glass tubing intorubber or cork stoppers should be carried out only after applying a lubricating agent (glycerol) and wrapping theglass inatowel.Itis importanttohold theglass tubing as closetothestopperas possibletoavoidexcessivestrainonthetubing.Careshouldbeexercised while insertingpipettes intorubberpro-pipettesbecausethetopofthepipettemaybreakunderpressure.Atowel shouldbeusedwhenbreakingaglassrodB-vi.ElectricalShockDonottouchthevictim.Disconnectthepowerfirstbyturning off circuit breakers orbymovingeither thelivewireorthe victim with a nonconductingobject (i.e.,wood,plastic,glass,rubber).Immediately contact YalePoliceDepartmentat111or2-4400B-vi.Eye InjuriesLoose, unattached foreign matter in the eye can often be safely removed with a wet piece of clean cotton on anapplicator. However, if the particle is on the cornea or is embedded in the eye, DO NOT touch it.Contact aphysician or ophthalmologist at Yale Health Services (dial: 2-0123)Splashes of chemicals in the eye or exposure of the eye to corrosive vapors require immediate treatment. Removecontact lenses if necessary and flush the eye thoroughly with water from an eye-wash fountain.Eyelids should beforcibly held apart so that the entire surface of theeyemay be washed.Flushing should be continued for at leastfifteen minutes.Afterwards,transfer the victim to a physician or ophthalmologist at YaleHealth Services (dial:20123)and inform the physician of the chemical which caused the injury.Never apply a neutralizing solution as firstaid.B-vili.FaintingAn individual whofeels faint should bemadeto liedownortositquietlywith theirhead loweredbelowthelevel oftheirkneesuntiltheperiodof faintnesspasses.If lossofconsciousness occurs,placethevictiminarecliningposition, loosen any tight clothing,maintain an open airwayand treat any injurythat mayhave been sustained in thefall.Bathe theface with cool waterbut donot give any liquid bymouth until consciousness returns.ContacttheYalePolice(111or2-4400)andtransferthe individual toYaleHealthServicesforobservation.B-ix.IngestionofChemicalsContactthe YalePolice(111or2-4400)andYaleHealthServices(2-0123)indicatingthe chemical swallowedCovertheinjuredpersontopreventshock.Providetheambulancecrewandphysicianwiththechemicalnameancotherrelevantinformation.Ifpossible,send thecontainer,and/oralabel alongwithanMsDS withthevictim9

9 B-v. Cuts If blood is spurting, don gloves and other PPE as necessary, place a pad directly on the wound and apply firm pressure, wrap the injured in a fire blanket to avoid shock, and obtain immediate medical attention. Never use a tourniquet. In the case of a less severe but still major cut, the Yale Police should be contacted for transfer of the victim to Yale Health Services. Only in the case of trivial cuts should the wound simply be washed and a bandage applied. Report all injuries to your laboratory supervisor or principal investigator. The most frequent cause of cuts in the laboratory is the mishandling of glassware. Insertion of glass tubing into rubber or cork stoppers should be carried out only after applying a lubricating agent (glycerol) and wrapping the glass in a towel. It is important to hold the glass tubing as close to the stopper as possible to avoid excessive strain on the tubing. Care should be exercised while inserting pipettes into rubber pro-pipettes because the top of the pipette may break under pressure. A towel should be used when breaking a glass rod. B-vi. Electrical Shock Do not touch the victim. Disconnect the power first by turning off circuit breakers or by moving either the live wire or the victim with a nonconducting object (i.e., wood, plastic, glass, rubber). Immediately contact Yale Police Department at 111 or 2-4400. B-vii. Eye Injuries Loose, unattached foreign matter in the eye can often be safely removed with a wet piece of clean cotton on an applicator. However, if the particle is on the cornea or is embedded in the eye, DO NOT touch it. Contact a physician or ophthalmologist at Yale Health Services (dial: 2-0123). Splashes of chemicals in the eye or exposure of the eye to corrosive vapors require immediate treatment. Remove contact lenses if necessary and flush the eye thoroughly with water from an eye-wash fountain. Eyelids should be forcibly held apart so that the entire surface of the eye may be washed. Flushing should be continued for at least fifteen minutes. Afterwards, transfer the victim to a physician or ophthalmologist at Yale Health Services (dial: 2- 0123) and inform the physician of the chemical which caused the injury. Never apply a neutralizing solution as first aid. B-viii. Fainting An individual who feels faint should be made to lie down or to sit quietly with their head lowered below the level of their knees until the period of faintness passes. If loss of consciousness occurs, place the victim in a reclining position, loosen any tight clothing, maintain an open airway and treat any injury that may have been sustained in the fall. Bathe the face with cool water but do not give any liquid by mouth until consciousness returns. Contact the Yale Police (111 or 2-4400) and transfer the individual to Yale Health Services for observation. B-ix. Ingestion of Chemicals Contact the Yale Police (111 or 2-4400) and Yale Health Services (2-0123) indicating the chemical swallowed. Cover the injured person to prevent shock. Provide the ambulance crew and physician with the chemical name and other relevant information. If possible, send the container, and/or a label along with an MSDS with the victim

B-x.InhalationofChemicalsRemove the victim from the contaminated atmosphere and move into the fresh air as quickly as possible.Keep thevictim warmand recumbent.Atthefirst sign of breathingdifficulty,beginCPRprotocols ifyouare CPR certified.EnsurethattheYalePolice(111or2-4400)andYaleHealthServices(2-0123)havebeen contacted.Ifpossible,identifythesubstancetowhichthevictimwasexposed.(DONOTENTERTHEAREAIFYOUEXPECTTHATALIFETHREATENINGCONDITIONSTILLEXISTS-OXYGENDEPLETION.EXPLOSIVEVAPORSORHIGHLYTOXICGASES.SPECIALEQUIPMENTWILLHAVETOBEWORNBYTHERESCUEPARTY.CALLYALEPOLICEIIIANDEVACUATEPEOPLEFROMTHEAREA.)B-xi.SpecialPrecautionsforBromine,HydrogenFluoride,andAlkali Metals[http://www.yale.edu/oehs/PDF_files/hydrofluoric_acid.pdf]Contact with bromine, hydrogen fluoride, or hydrofluoric acid will lead to excruciatingly painful burns. Thus, anapron, gloves, and a face shield should always be worn when handling these chemicals and procedures should becarried out in the hood. In the case of bromine burns, immediately flush the area with cold water, contact YaleHealthServices(2-0123),andtransferthevictim.Donotuseanyotherchemicalstoneutralizebromineburnsontheskin.Ifclothingiscontaminated, itmustberemovedInvestigators who work with hydrofluoric acid or hydrogen fluoride should have on hand a 2.5% calcium gluconateointmentwhichisavailablefreefromthechemistrystockroomorfromEnvironmentalHealth&Safety(5-3550).Inthecaseofcontactwithhydrogenfluoride,immediatelyremovecontaminated clothingundera showerandwashall areas thoroughly.Contactthe Yale Police(111 or 2-4400)and Yale Health Services(2-0123)totransferthevictim immediately.Only in the event ofa delay,gently applythe calcium gluconate ointment to the affected area.Repeatuntilmedical assistancearrivesAlkali metals(e.g.,lithium,sodium,and potassium)arealso extremelycausticto all tissue.Anyparticles of metalthatfall ontotheskin shouldberapidlyremoved witha cloth,papertowel ortweezersfollowedbyflushingof theskin with water.If anymetal on the skin ignites on contact with water, immediately deluge it with cold water.C.Accidents Involving Biological Materials[http://www.yale.edu/oehs/biolsp.htm]Ifa spillofviable biological materials occurs you should decontaminate the area.Use protective clothing andequipment which should at least include safetyglasses,rubber utilitygloves,and alab coat.Decontamination canbe accomplished by using a number of disinfectants, which include bleach (1:10 dilution),70% ethyl alcohol, Lysol)andother commerciallyavailableproducts.Actions to take during a spill ofviable biological materials:Stop work and notify others in the immediatearea that a spill has occurred.?Removeanycontaminatedclothingand washexposed skinwithdisinfectant.Wearing gloves, lab coat, and face protection, cover spill with paper towels, pour concentrateddisinfectantaround the spill allowing it tomix with spilledmaterial.Allow suitable contact time(15minutes),Pick up any pieces of broken glass with forceps and put in a sharps container.AfterremovingDiscard all disposablematerialsusedtocleanupthe spill intoabiohazard bagthe spill materials,decontaminate the area again with thedisinfectantWashhandswith soapandhandwashingdisinfectant.Wash reusable(rubberutility)gloveswiththedisinfectant used todecontaminate the spill10

10 B-x. Inhalation of Chemicals Remove the victim from the contaminated atmosphere and move into the fresh air as quickly as possible. Keep the victim warm and recumbent. At the first sign of breathing difficulty, begin CPR protocols if you are CPR certified. Ensure that the Yale Police (111 or 2-4400) and Yale Health Services (2-0123) have been contacted. If possible, identify the substance to which the victim was exposed. (DO NOT ENTER THE AREA IF YOU EXPECT THAT A LIFE THREATENING CONDITION STILL EXISTS - OXYGEN DEPLETION, EXPLOSIVE VAPORS OR HIGHLY TOXIC GASES. SPECIAL EQUIPMENT WILL HAVE TO BE WORN BY THE RESCUE PARTY. CALL YALE POLICE 111 AND EVACUATE PEOPLE FROM THE AREA.) B-xi. Special Precautions for Bromine, Hydrogen Fluoride, and Alkali Metals [http://www.yale.edu/oehs/PDF_files/hydrofluoric_acid.pdf] Contact with bromine, hydrogen fluoride, or hydrofluoric acid will lead to excruciatingly painful burns. Thus, an apron, gloves, and a face shield should always be worn when handling these chemicals and procedures should be carried out in the hood. In the case of bromine burns, immediately flush the area with cold water, contact Yale Health Services (2-0123), and transfer the victim. Do not use any other chemicals to neutralize bromine burns on the skin. If clothing is contaminated, it must be removed. Investigators who work with hydrofluoric acid or hydrogen fluoride should have on hand a 2.5% calcium gluconate ointment which is available free from the chemistry stockroom or from Environmental Health & Safety (5-3550). In the case of contact with hydrogen fluoride, immediately remove contaminated clothing under a shower and wash all areas thoroughly. Contact the Yale Police (111 or 2-4400) and Yale Health Services (2-0123) to transfer the victim immediately. Only in the event of a delay, gently apply the calcium gluconate ointment to the affected area. Repeat until medical assistance arrives. Alkali metals (e.g., lithium, sodium, and potassium) are also extremely caustic to all tissue. Any particles of metal that fall onto the skin should be rapidly removed with a cloth, paper towel or tweezers followed by flushing of the skin with water. If any metal on the skin ignites on contact with water, immediately deluge it with cold water. C. Accidents Involving Biological Materials [http://www.yale.edu/oehs/bio1sp.htm] If a spill of viable biological materials occurs you should decontaminate the area. Use protective clothing and equipment which should at least include safety glasses, rubber utility gloves, and a lab coat. Decontamination can be accomplished by using a number of disinfectants, which include bleach (1:10 dilution), 70% ethyl alcohol, Lysol, and other commercially available products. Actions to take during a spill of viable biological materials: • Stop work and notify others in the immediate area that a spill has occurred. • Remove any contaminated clothing and wash exposed skin with disinfectant. • Wearing gloves, lab coat, and face protection, cover spill with paper towels, pour concentrated disinfectant around the spill allowing it to mix with spilled material. Allow suitable contact time (15 minutes). • Pick up any pieces of broken glass with forceps and put in a sharps container. • Discard all disposable materials used to clean up the spill into a biohazard bag. • After removing the spill materials, decontaminate the area again with the disinfectant. • Wash hands with soap and handwashing disinfectant. Wash reusable (rubber utility) gloves with the disinfectant used to decontaminate the spill

点击下载完整版文档（PDF格式）

共24页，试读已结束，阅读完整版请下载

点击下载（PDF格式）

浏览记录