L6 Results Exposition You need to refer to the display in Assignment 3,L5 in L6 classroom. Lesson 6 Reading and Writing the Results and Exposition t Your report on drinks Mini-talk Every class member must be ready: to give the report on drinks (via speaking,2-min.) with their individual mini-talk II.Teamwork: Share with the class your findings from your team research on the dominating documentation style(s)in your discipline.Be specific and concise,interest your audience and be understandable. III.Reading and Writing the Results:Components of the Results Ex.6-1 (Teamwork)Read the following Results to see the Results component(s)in each sentence and to detect data commentary in the section.Identify the elements of data commentary.Be ready to share your ideas with the class. A modeling approach to traffic management and Results component(s)in each CO exposure during peak hours sentence is to be given below. Results 1.Data obtained in previous studies using a fixed 1-2.: on-site monitor indicated that travel by car resulted in lower CO exposure than travel on foot. 2.According to Figo et al.(1999),the median exposure of car passengers was 11%lower than for those walking.3.In our study,modeled 3-4: emission rates were obtained using the Traffic Model (TEM),a CO-exposure modeling framework developed by Ka.4.Modeled results were compared with actual roadside Co concentrations measured hourly at a fixed monitor. 5.Figure I shows the results obtained using TEM. 5.: 6.As can be seen,during morning peak-time 6.: journeys the CO concentrations for car passengers were significantly lower than for pedestrians, which is consistent with results obtained in previous studies.7.However the modeled data 7. were not consistent with these results for afternoon journeys 8.Although the mean CO concentrations modeled8. 1/7
L6 Results & Exposition 1 / 7 You need to refer to the display in Assignment 3, L5 in L6 classroom. Lesson 6 Reading and Writing the Results and Exposition I. Your report on drinks & Mini-talk Every class member must be ready: • to give the report on drinks (via speaking, 2- min.) • with their individual mini-talk II. Teamwork: Share with the class your findings from your team research on the dominating documentation style(s) in your discipline. Be specific and concise, interest your audience and be understandable. III. Reading and Writing the Results: Components of the Results Ex. 6-1 (Teamwork) Read the following Results to see the Results component(s) in each sentence and to detect data commentary in the section. Identify the elements of data commentary. Be ready to share your ideas with the class. A modeling approach to traf ic management and CO exposure during peak hours Results 1. Data obtained in previous studies using a fixed on-site monitor indicated that travel by car resulted in lower CO exposure than travel on foot. 2. According to Figo et al. (1999), the median exposure of car passengers was 11% lower than for those walking. 3. In our study, modeled emission rates were obtained using the Traf ic Model (TEM), a CO-exposure modeling framework developed by Ka. 4. Modeled results were compared with actual roadside CO concentrations measured hourly at a fixed monitor. 5. Figure 1 shows the results obtained using TEM. 6. As can be seen, during morning peak-time journeys the CO concentrations for car passengers were significantly lower than for pedestrians, which is consistent with results obtained in previous studies. 7. However, the modeled data were not consistent with these results for afternoon journeys. 8. Although the mean CO concentrations modeled Results component(s) in each sentence is to be given below. 1-2.: 3-4.: 5. : 6. : 7. : 8.:
L6 Results Exposition by TEM for afternoon journeys on foot were in line with those of Figo et.al.a striking difference was noted when each of the three peak hours was considered singly (Fig.2).9.It can be observed 9-10.: that during the first hour (HI)of the peak period, journeys on foot resulted in a considerably lower level of Co exposure.10.Although levels for journeys on foot generally exceeded those modeled for car journey during H2,during the last hour (H3)the levels for journeys on foot were again frequently far lower than for car journeys. 11.A quantitative analysis to determine modeling 11.: uncertainties was applied,based on the maximum deviation of the measured and calculated levels within the considered period.12.Using this 12.: approach,the average uncertainty of the model prediction for this study slightly exceeds the 50% acceptability limit defined by Jiang.13. 13.: Nevertheless,these results suggest that data obtained using TEM to stimulate Co exposures may provide more sensitive information for assessing the impact of traffic management strategies than traditional on site measurement. Issues to think over in writing the Results: pp.113-122 in Glasman-Deal,H.(2010).Science Research Writing:For Non-Native Speakers of English.Unit 3 Writing about Results.Imperial College Press. In the above extract from the book,answers to the following questions are available: Why not start by describing my results? Why should I re-state the original prediction or the findings of other research here? Do I need to compare my results with those of other researchers? Why do I have to use evaluative language-why not simply describe the results which are in the figure or table? Isn't a word like"striking"considered too informal? Should I explain my results as well as present them? How do I know which results to describe in detail?Why not describe all of them in detail? Do I need to mention problem in the results?Won't it make the reader doubt my result? How can I talk about problems in the results? 2/7
L6 Results & Exposition 2 / 7 by TEM for afternoon journeys on foot were in line with those of Figo et. al. a striking dif erence was noted when each of the three peak hours was considered singly (Fig. 2). 9. It can be observed that during the first hour (H1) of the peak period, journeys on foot resulted in a considerably lower level of CO exposure. 10. Although levels for journeys on foot generally exceeded those modeled for car journey during H2, during the last hour (H3) the levels for journeys on foot were again frequently far lower than for car journeys. 11. A quantitative analysis to determine modeling uncertainties was applied, based on the maximum deviation of the measured and calculated levels within the considered period. 12. Using this approach, the average uncertainty of the model prediction for this study slightly exceeds the 50% acceptability limit defined by Jiang. 13. Nevertheless, these results suggest that data obtained using TEM to stimulate CO exposures may provide more sensitive information for assessing the impact of traf ic management strategies than traditional on site measurement. 9-10.: 11. : 12. : 13. : Issues to think over in writing the Results: pp. 113-122 in Glasman-Deal, H. (2010). Science Research Writing: For Non-Native Speakers of English. Unit 3 Writing about Results. Imperial College Press. In the above extract from the book, answers to the following questions are available: Why not start by describing my results? Why should I re-state the original prediction or the findings of other research here? Do I need to compare my results with those of other researchers? Why do I have to use evaluative language - why not simply describe the results which are in the figure or table? Isn’t a word like “striking” considered too informal? Should I explain my results as well as present them? How do I know which results to describe in detail? Why not describe all of them in detail? Do I need to mention problem in the results? Won’t it make the reader doubt my result? How can I talk about problems in the results?
L6 Results Exposition IV.The Text Types:Exposition Argumentation:exposition discussion The argumentative text not only appears as required in all kinds of English proficiency tests,but also is an essential part of academic papers for students in either humanity or science disciplines. Each type of argumentation has its own particular schematic structures:the exposition is arguing for a point of view (thesis arguments +reiteration);the discussion is discussing two or more points of view (issue sides resolution). Note that"exposition"here is designated to mean arguing for a point of view. Exposition:schematic structure thesis arguments reiteration Introductionc Opening remarks to get readers'attention Thesis statement(point of view) Essay map/Plan of development (optional) Argument 1 +Specific evidence(s) Body Argument 2 Specific evidence(s) Argument 3+Specific evidence(s) Reiteration Summary (optional) General closing remarks (Or both) See"Sample Outline for Presentation"(in Guide to the Course folder)for an example. 1.The attention-getter methods a broad,general statement the opposite idea or situation the importance of the topic an incident or brief story ·a quotation 2.Writing the thesis statement:establishing Key Features states the only main idea of the essay in a complete sentence,not in a question; states a clearly defined opinion or attitude on a topic,instead of the topic itself: makes a worthwhile point,without being stale or overly obvious; is clearly stated in specific terms; often includes the list of subtopics. Ex.6-2 On the national law that designates twenty-one as the legal minimum age to purchase or consume alcohol,which of the following thesis statement(s)are poorly written,which well-written,and why (specify)? 1)Different opinions were held on whether people under twenty-one should be 3/7
L6 Results & Exposition 3 / 7 IV. The Text Types: Exposition Argumentation: exposition & discussion The argumentative text not only appears as required in all kinds of English proficiency tests, but also is an essential part of academic papers for students in either humanity or science disciplines. Each type of argumentation has its own particular schematic structures: the exposition is arguing for a point of view (thesis + arguments + reiteration); the discussion is discussing two or more points of view (issue + sides + resolution). Note that “exposition” here is designated to mean arguing for a point of view. Exposition: schematic structure = thesis + arguments + reiteration Introduction Opening remarks to get readers’ attention Thesis statement (point of view) Essay map / Plan of development (optional) Argument 1 + Specific evidence(s) Body Argument 2 + Specific evidence(s) Argument 3 + Specific evidence(s) Reiteration Summary (optional) General closing remarks (Or both) See “Sample Outline for Presentation” (in Guide to the Course folder) for an example. 1. The attention-getter methods • a broad, general statement • the opposite idea or situation • the importance of the topic • an incident or brief story • a quotation 2. Writing the thesis statement: establishing Key Features • states the only main idea of the essay in a complete sentence, not in a question; • states a clearly defined opinion or attitude on a topic, instead of the topic itself; • makes a worthwhile point, without being stale or overly obvious; • is clearly stated in specific terms; • often includes the list of subtopics. Ex. 6-2 On the national law that designates twenty-one as the legal minimum age to purchase or consume alcohol, which of the following thesis statement(s) are poorly written, which well-written, and why (specify)? 1) Different opinions were held on whether people under twenty-one should be
L6 Results Exposition permitted to drink alcohol,and I agree to some of them. 2)The question of whether we need a national law governing the minimum age to drink alcohol is a controversial issue in many states. 3)I want to give my opinion on the national law that sets twenty-one as the legal age to drink alcohol and the reasons I feel this way. 4)To reduce the number of highway fatalities,the country needs to enforce the national law that designates twenty-one as the legal minimum age to purchase and consume alcohol. 5)The legal minimum age for purchasing alcohol should be eighteen rather than twenty-one. Ex.6-3 Detect the flaw in the following thesis statements,and improve: 1)I learned to play many musical instruments when I was young. 2)Cancun is a popular vacation spot in Mexico. 3)In this essay,I am going to discuss the effects of long-term drug abuse. 4)This essay will discuss some ways teachers can fight teenage drug abuse. 5)The sport of cross-country running 6)Why do I want to be a teacher? 3.Using the Essay Map Make the thesis statement more specific by including subtopics or supporting ideas.By doing this,your readers are given a clear idea(=the essay map)of what will follow in the body paragraphs of your exposition. The thesis statement and subtopics are often presented in one complete sentence Compare the sentences below: The large influx ofpeople to California has had major effects on the state. The large influx of people to California has had major effects on the ability of the state to provide housing,electricity,and jobs for its residents Ex.6-4 How would you include both the thesis statement below and its most likely subtopics in one sentence? Inner-city public schools grapple with some serious problems Ex.6-5 (Teamwork/Pair-work)Read the following introducing paragraph;identify the attention-getter method,the thesis statement,and its subtopics. Psychologists have argued for decades about how a person's character is formed. Numerous psychologists believe that one's birth order(i.e.place in the family as the youngest,oldest,or middle child)has the greatest influence.I believe birth order can have a significant impact in the formation of a child's character based on my own experience growing up in a family of four children.Birth order can strongly affect one's relationship with parents,relationships with others,and how one views responsibility as an adult. V.Language Focus:Nominalization 4/7
L6 Results & Exposition 4 / 7 permitted to drink alcohol, and I agree to some of them. 2) The question of whether we need a national law governing the minimum age to drink alcohol is a controversial issue in many states. 3) I want to give my opinion on the national law that sets twenty-one as the legal age to drink alcohol and the reasons I feel this way. 4) To reduce the number of highway fatalities, the country needs to enforce the national law that designates twenty-one as the legal minimum age to purchase and consume alcohol. 5) The legal minimum age for purchasing alcohol should be eighteen rather than twenty-one. Ex. 6-3 Detect the flaw in the following thesis statements, and improve: 1) I learned to play many musical instruments when I was young. 2) Cancun is a popular vacation spot in Mexico. 3) In this essay, I am going to discuss the effects of long-term drug abuse. 4) This essay will discuss some ways teachers can fight teenage drug abuse. 5) The sport of cross-country running. 6) Why do I want to be a teacher? 3. Using the Essay Map Make the thesis statement more specific by including subtopics or supporting ideas. By doing this, your readers are given a clear idea (= the essay map) of what will follow in the body paragraphs of your exposition. The thesis statement and subtopics are often presented in one complete sentence. Compare the sentences below: The large influx of people to California has had major ef ects on the state. The large influx of people to California has had major ef ects on the ability of the state to provide housing, electricity, and jobs for its residents. Ex. 6-4 How would you include both the thesis statement below and its most likely subtopics in one sentence? Inner-city public schools grapple with some serious problems. Ex. 6-5 (Teamwork/Pair-work) Read the following introducing paragraph; identify the attention-getter method, the thesis statement, and its subtopics. Psychologists have argued for decades about how a person’s character is formed. Numerous psychologists believe that one’s birth order (i.e. place in the family as the youngest, oldest, or middle child) has the greatest influence. I believe birth order can have a significant impact in the formation of a child’s character based on my own experience growing up in a family of four children. Birth order can strongly affect one’s relationship with parents, relationships with others, and how one views responsibility as an adult. V. Language Focus: Nominalization
L6 Results Exposition In achieving the academic style of speaking and writing,nominalization (the use of nouns and noun groups instead of verbs and verb groups)is constantly adopted.In writing,more nouns and noun groups are found,whereas in speaking more verbs and verb groups Ex.6-6 The following two extracts are on veterinary science. 1)Isolate the nouns/noun groups and verbs/verb groups in each extract; 2)Which extract includes more nouns noun groups than yerbs/verb groups? 3)Which extract includes more longer individual sentences,and which the longest? 4)What may be your conclusion on the differences between these extracts? Text 1 Text 2 Veterinary scientists are people who Veterinarian science is a practice around practice all around the world.A the world.A veterinarian assists animals veterinarian is a person who is like a from house pets to farm,zoo,and even doctor for animals.They help animals wild animals,as both doctor and who are sick and/or injured to recover. surgeon,and is a life saver at times. They also perform surgery on animals Veterinarians become qualified after a and when people bring them their house lengthy educational process and may pets,they save the pets'lives sometimes. acquire a comfortable level of wealth. There are veterinarians who look after large animals like the ones from farms and even zoo animals.Veterinarians are specialists and they have to go to school for a long time.They have to study a very long time to be able to work as a veterinarian.In some Western countries they charge a lot of money and are able to become quite wealthy. Ex.6-7 Study the extract below from a journal article.For each pair of phrases in bold in the text,circle the one which is more formal and academic in style.How is the style achieved?Be ready to share your understanding with the class. Corporate social responsibility and cause-related marketing:an overview Introduction It is generally recognized that today's marketplace is characterized by a great many products of similar quality,price and service.1.Because they ever increasingly need/In their ever-increasing need to differentiate themselves and their product,many companies are reacting positively to the idea 2.that they can use/of the use of cause-related marketing (CRM)as a communications tool.Basically,the concept entails firms communicating through their advertising,packaging and promotions,3.their corporate social responsibility/the fact that as a corporation they feel responsible for society,namely their affiliation with non-profit organizations or support for 5/7
L6 Results & Exposition 5 / 7 In achieving the academic style of speaking and writing, nominalization (the use of nouns and noun groups instead of verbs and verb groups) is constantly adopted. In writing, more nouns and noun groups are found, whereas in speaking more verbs and verb groups. Ex. 6-6 The following two extracts are on veterinary science. 1) Isolate the nouns / noun groups and verbs / verb groups in each extract; 2) Which extract includes more nouns / noun groups than verbs / verb groups? 3) Which extract includes more longer individual sentences, and which the longest? 4) What may be your conclusion on the differences between these extracts? Text 1 Text 2 Veterinary scientists are people who practice all around the world. A veterinarian is a person who is like a doctor for animals. They help animals who are sick and/or injured to recover. They also perform surgery on animals and when people bring them their house pets, they save the pets' lives sometimes. There are veterinarians who look after large animals like the ones from farms and even zoo animals. Veterinarians are specialists and they have to go to school for a long time. They have to study a very long time to be able to work as a veterinarian. In some Western countries they charge a lot of money and are able to become quite wealthy. Veterinarian science is a practice around the world. A veterinarian assists animals from house pets to farm, zoo, and even wild animals, as both doctor and surgeon, and is a life saver at times. Veterinarians become qualified after a lengthy educational process and may acquire a comfortable level of wealth. Ex. 6-7 Study the extract below from a journal article. For each pair of phrases in bold in the text, circle the one which is more formal and academic in style. How is the style achieved? Be ready to share your understanding with the class. Corporate social responsibility and cause-related marketing: an overview Introduction It is generally recognized that today's marketplace is characterized by a great many products of similar quality, price and service. 1. Because they ever increasingly need/ In their ever-increasing need to differentiate themselves and their product, many companies are reacting positively to the idea 2. that they can use/of the use of cause-related marketing (CRM) as a communications tool. Basically, the concept entails firms communicating through their advertising, packaging and promotions, 3. their corporate social responsibility/ the fact that as a corporation they feel responsible for society, namely their affiliation with non-profit organizations or support for
L6 Results Exposition causes.The point is to attract consumers wanting to make a difference in society through 4.their purchasing decisions/deciding which items they should purchase.However,consumers are now looking closely at companies who make claims regarding 5.their involvement in social issues/how they are involved in social issues.There is a level of consumer skepticism that often makes consumers doubt what a firm is saying.It has even been suggested that because so many firms are now using CRM,skepticism is on the rise. (O'Sullivan,1997;Mohr et al.,1998).This skepticism can lead consumers to reject claims made in CRM campaigns and can affect 6.the way they behave when they make purchases/their purchasing behavior and can even lead 7. them to act more strongly/to stronger action(Rogers,1998).Therefore,not only is it important for companies pursuing CRM to be genuine in their behavior but they must also fully understand what consumers know of CRM and their level of skepticism before attempting this marketing technique. (Simcic BroP.and Belliu Vrioni,A.(2001)"Corporate social responsibility and cause related marketing: an overview"International Journal of Advertising,20,pp.207-222) Ex.6-8 Convert verbs verb groups and adjectives into nominal groups (abstract nouns)for the sentences below to be more academically styled: 1)How long vertical crack is could be expressed by how long the vertical leg is. 2)One experiments carefully to lead to our results. 3)After a previous weld gave a good clean weld without full fusion,we only slightly increased amperage of say 5 amps.We found that the result was that the next weld was well penetrated on intermittent sections and burnt through. Assignments 1.Individual work: Collect well-written expositions on different perspectives on the topic "True Artificial Intelligence",and work out the schematic structure or the outline of different opinions.Retain source documentation.The collection would be the basis for your second written assignment to submit.You may need to bring your collection to Lesson 7 classroom for potential use. 2. Choose one of the following two: 1)Pair Team work-Find members of the class who chose the same top journal article to read.Analyze the Discussion section (or the equivalent sections)in one two article(s)you have chosen: Identify the claims (issue,viewpoints,and supporting viewpoints)and evidences for arguments in the Discussion in the journal article.Research on the expressions used in putting forward the claims and evidences. In Lesson 7,you are supposed to present your findings on the approach in stating claims in the Discussion(or the equivalent sections)in the journal article.The time limit for one pair/team would be 3 minutes.Be concise and enlightening. Present evidence as well. 6/7
L6 Results & Exposition 6 / 7 causes. The point is to attract consumers wanting to make a difference in society through 4. their purchasing decisions/deciding which items they should purchase. However, consumers are now looking closely at companies who make claims regarding 5. their involvement in social issues/how they are involved in social issues. There is a level of consumer skepticism that often makes consumers doubt what a firm is saying. It has even been suggested that because so many firms are now using CRM, skepticism is on the rise. (O'Sullivan, 1997; Mohr et al., 1998). This skepticism can lead consumers to reject claims made in CRM campaigns and can affect 6. the way they behave when they make purchases/ their purchasing behavior and can even lead 7. them to act more strongly/ to stronger action (Rogers, 1998). Therefore, not only is it important for companies pursuing CRM to be genuine in their behavior but they must also fully understand what consumers know of CRM and their level of skepticism before attempting this marketing technique. (Simcic BrøP. and Belliu Vrioni, A. (2001) "Corporate social responsibility and cause related marketing: an overview" International Journal of Advertising, 20, pp. 207-222) Ex. 6-8 Convert verbs / verb groups and adjectives into nominal groups (abstract nouns) for the sentences below to be more academically styled: 1) How long vertical crack is could be expressed by how long the vertical leg is. 2) One experiments carefully to lead to our results. 3) After a previous weld gave a good clean weld without full fusion, we only slightly increased amperage of say 5 amps. We found that the result was that the next weld was well penetrated on intermittent sections and burnt through. Assignments 1. Individual work: Collect well-written expositions on different perspectives on the topic “True Artificial Intelligence”, and work out the schematic structure or the outline of different opinions. Retain source documentation. The collection would be the basis for your second written assignment to submit. You may need to bring your collection to Lesson 7 classroom for potential use. 2. Choose one of the following two: 1) Pair / Team work – Find members of the class who chose the same top journal / article to read. Analyze the Discussion section (or the equivalent sections) in one / two article(s) you have chosen: • Identify the claims (issue, viewpoints, and supporting viewpoints) and evidences for arguments in the Discussion in the journal article. Research on the expressions used in putting forward the claims and evidences. In Lesson 7, you are supposed to present your findings on the approach in stating claims in the Discussion (or the equivalent sections) in the journal article. The time limit for one pair / team would be 3 minutes. Be concise and enlightening. Present evidence as well
L6 Results Exposition 2)Individual /Team work-Read a section in your previous dissertation in E See whether more cases of nominalization could have been in your writing. In Lesson 7,you are supposed to present evidence of potential improvements. Your time limit then would be 3 minutes. 3.You are supposed to deal with language issues in the Lesson 7 students'handout before Lesson 7. 7/7
L6 Results & Exposition 7 / 7 2) Individual / Team work – Read a section in your previous dissertation in E. See whether more cases of nominalization could have been in your writing. In Lesson 7, you are supposed to present evidence of potential improvements. Your time limit then would be 3 minutes. 3. You are supposed to deal with language issues in the Lesson 7 students’ handout before Lesson 7
