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1 1 n i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i PLATO EUTHYPHRO APOLOGY CRITO PHAEDO PHAEDRUS Translated by HAROLD NORTH FOWLER
PLATO, the great philosopher of Athen was born in 427 BC. In early manhood an direr of Socrates. he later founded the famous school of philosophy in the grove Academus. Much else recorded of his life s uncertain: that he left Athens for a time after Socrates execution is probable; that later he went to Cyrene, Egypt, and Sicily is possible; that he was wealthy is likely that he was critical of 'advanced democ racy is obvious. He lived to be 8o years old guistic tests including those of com puter science still try to establish the order of his extant philosophical dialogues,writ ten in splendid prose and revealing Socra tes' mind fused with Plato 's thought In Laches, Charmides, and Lysis, Socrates and others discuss separate ethical concep tions. Protagoras, lon, and Meno discuss whether righteousness can be taught. In Gorgias, Socrates is estranged from his city's thought, and his fate is impending. The nd the unforgettable Phaedo relate the trial and death of Socrates and propound the mmortality of the soul. In the famous Sym- posium and Phaedrus, written when Socrates was still alive. we find the origin and mean of love. Cratvlus discusses the nat of language. The great masterpiece ll ten books, the Republic, concerns righ f the sexes. the structure of society and abolition of slavery). Of the six so- called dialectical dialogues Euthydemus deals with philosophy; metaphysical Parmenides ist(e Continued on back flo
PLATO, the great philosopher of Athens, was born in 427 BC. In early manhood an admirer of Socrates, he later founded the famous school of philosophy in the grove Academus. Much else recorded of his life is uncertain; that he left Athens for a time after Socrates' execution is probable; that later he went to Cyrene, Egypt, and Sicily is possible; that he was wealthy is likely; that he was critical of 'advanced' democracy is obvious. He lived to be 80 years old. Linguistic tests including those of computer science still try to establish the order of his extant philosophical dialogues, writ- ten in splendid prose and revealing Socrates' mind fused with Plato's thought. o In Laches, Charmides, and Lysis, Socrates and others discuss separate ethical conceptions. Protagoras, Ion, and Meno discuss whether righteousness can be taught. In o o Gorgias, Socrates is estranged from his city's thought, and his fate is impending. The Apology (not a dialogue), Crito, Euthyphro, and the unforgettable Phaedo relate the trial and death of Socrates and propound the immortality of the soul. In the famous Symposium and Phaedrus, written when Socrates was still alive, we find the origin and meaning of love. Cratylus discusses the nature of language. The great masterpiece in ten books, the Republic, concerns righ- teousness (and involves education, equality of the sexes, the structure of society, and abolition of slavery). Of the six so- called dialectical dialogues Euthydemus deals with philosophy; metaphysical Parmenides is Continued on backflap
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PLATO EUTHYPHRO· APOLOGY CRITO· PHAEDO· PHAEDRUS WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY HAROLD NORTH FOWLE INTRODUCTION BY W.R. M. LAMB HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE. M CHUSETTS LONDON, ENGLAND Digitized by Microsoft (R
PLATO EUTHYPHRO APOLOGY CRITO PHAEDO PHAEDRUS WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY HAROLD NORTH FOWLER INTRODUCTION BY W. R. M. LAMB HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS LONDON, ENGLAND
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CONTENTS PREFACE INTRODUCTION BIBLIOGRAPHY EUTHYPHRO THE APOLOGY CRITO 147 PHAEDO PHAEDRUS INDEX Digitized by Microsoft (R)
CONTENTS PREFACE vii INTRODUCTION ix BIBLIOGRAPHY xxi EUTHYPHRO 1 THE APOLOGY 61 CRITO 147 PHAEDO 193 PHAEDRUS 405 INDEX 581
PREFACE THE Greek text in this volume is based upon that of Schanz, and all variations from his readings are noted in the margin at the foot of the page. In some cases deviations from the reading of the manu scripts have been noted, even when adopted by Schanz. In the introductions to the separate dialogues of Plato or to do anything more than to supply such information as is needed for the intelligent reading of these particular dialogues. For further discussion and information the reader is referred to the general Introduction by Mr. W.R. M. Lamb, of Trinity College, Cambridge. Digitized by Microsoft (R
PREFACE THE Greek text in this volume is based upon that of Schanz, and all variations from his readings are noted in the margin at the foot of the page. In some cases deviations from the reading of the manuscripts have been noted, even when adopted by Schanz. In the introductions to the separate dialogues no attempt has been made to discuss the philosophy of Plato or to do anything more than to supply such information as is needed for the intelligent reading of these particular dialogues. For further discussion and information the reader is referred to the General Introduction by Mr. W. R. M. Lamb, of Trinity College, Cambridge. HAROLD N. FOWLER. vn
GENERAL INTRODUCTION PLATo was born in 427 B.C. of Athenian parents who could provide him with the best education of the day, and ample means and leisure throughout his life. He came to manhood in the dismal close of the Peloponnesian War, when Aristophanes was at the height of his success, and Sophocles and Euripides had produced their last plays. As a boy he doubtless heard the lectures of Gorgias, Protagoras, and other sophists, and his early bent seems to have been towards poetry. But his intelligence was too progressive to est in the agnostic position on which the sophistic ntury before, Heracleitus had declared knowledge to be impossible, because the objects of sense are continually changing; yet now a certa in Cratylus was trying to build a theor of knowledge over the assertion of flux, by developing some hints let fall by its oracular author about the truth contained in names. From this influence plato passed into contact with Socrates, whose character and gifts have left a singular impress on the thought of mankind. This effect is almost wholly due to Plato's applications and extensions of his masters Digitized by Microsoft (e
GENERAL INTRODUCTION PLATO was born in 427 B.C. of Athenian parents who could provide him with the best education of the day, and ample means and leisure throughout his life. He came to manhood in the dismal close of the Peloponnesian War, when Aristophanes was at the height of his success, and Sophocles and Euripides had produced their last plays. As a boy he doubtless heard the lectures of Gorgias, Protagoras, and other sophists, and his early bent seems to have been towards poetry. But his intelligence was too progressive to rest in the agnostic position on which the sophistic culture was based. A century before, Heracleitus had declared knowledge to be impossible, because the objects of sense are continually changing; yet now a certain Cratylus was trying to build a theory of knowledge over the assertion of flux, by developing some hints let fall by its oracular author about the truth contained in names. From this influence Plato passed into contact with Socrates, whose character and gifts have left a singular impress on the thought of mankind. This effect is almost wholly due to Plato's applications and extensions of his master's ix
GENERAL INTRODUCTION thought; since, fortunately for us, the pupil not onl became a teacher in his turn, but brought his artistic genius into play, and composed the memorials of philosophic talk which we know as the Dialogues. Xenophon, Antisthenes, and Aeschines were othe disciples of Socrates who drew similar sketches of his teaching: the suggestion came from the "mimes of the Syracusan Sophron,realistic studies of con- versation between ordinary types of character. As Plato became more engrossed in the Socratic spec lations, this artistic impulse was strengthened by the desire of recording each definite stage of thought as a basis for new discussion and advance When Plato was twenty years old, Socrates was ver sixty, and had long been notorious in Athens for his peculiar kind of sophistry. In the Phaedo he tells how he tried, in his youth, the current scientific explanations of the universe, and found them full of puzzles. He then met with the theory of Anaxa ras,that the cause of everything is "mind This was more promising but it led nowhere after all, since it failed to rise above the conception of physical energy this"mind"showed no intelligent aim. Disappointed of an assurance that the universe works for the best. Socrates betook himself to the plan of making definitions of“ beautiful,"“ good,” e large"and so on, as qualities observed in the several classes of beautiful, good and large material things, and then employing these propositions, if they ap- peared to be sound, for the erection of higher Digitized by Microsoft ( B
GENERAL INTRODUCTION thought ; since, fortunately for us, the pupil not only became a teacher in his turn, but brought his artistic genius into play, and composed the memorials of philosophic talk which we know as the Dialogues. Xenophon, Antisthenes, and Aeschines were other disciples of Socrates who drew similar sketches of his teaching: the suggestion came from the "mimes" of the Syracusan Sophron, realistic studies of conversation between ordinary types of character. As Plato became more engrossed in the Socratic speculations, this artistic impulse was strengthened by the desire of recording each definite stage of thought as a basis for new discussion and advance. When Plato was twenty years old, Socrates was over sixty, and had long been notorious in Athens for his peculiar kind of sophistry. In the Phaedo he tells how he tried, in his youth, the current scientific explanations of the universe, and found them full of puzzles. He then met with the theory of Anaxagoras, that the cause of everything is "mind." This was more promising : but it led nowhere after all, since it failed to rise above the conception of physical energy ; this " mind " showed no intelligent aim. Disappointed of an assurance that the universe works for the best, Socrates betook himself to the plan of making definitions of "beautiful," "good," " large " and so on, as qualities observed in the several classes of beautiful, good and large material things, and then employing these propositions, if they ap- peared to be sound, for the erection of higher
GENERAL INTRODUCTION hypotheses, The point is that he made a new science out of a recognised theory of ideas"or " forms which had come of reflecting on the quality predicated when we say "this man is good, " and which postu lates some sure reality behind the feeting objects of ense. His " hypothetical"method, familiar to mathematicians, attains its full reach and significance in the Republic. The Pythagoreans who appear in the intima scene of the Phaedo were accustomed to the theor of ideas, and were a fit audience for the highest reasonings of Socrates on the true nature of life and the soul. For ome years before the ma masters death (399 B.c)Plato, if not a member of their circle, was often a spell-bound hearer of the "satyr. But ordinary Athenians had other views of Socrates, which varied according to their age and the extent of their acquaintance with him. Aristophanes burlesque in the Clouds(423 B.c. )had left a common impression not unlike what we have of the King of Laputa. Yet e you men who had any frequent speech with him in his later years, something uncanny about him, found an irresistibl traction in his simple manner, his humorous insight into their ways and thoughts, and his fervent elo- quence on the principles of their actions and careers. He kept no school, and took no fees; he distrusted the pretensions of the regular sophists, with whom he was carelessly confounded moreover, he professed wledge himself, except so far Digitized by Microsoft (R
GENERAL INTRODUCTION hypotheses. The point is that he made a new science out of a recognised theory of "ideas" or "forms," which had come of reflecting on the quality predicated when we say "this man is good/' and which postulates some sure reality behind the fleeting objects of sense. His " hypothetical ' method, familiar to mathematicians, attains its full reach and significance in the Republic. The Pythagoreans who appear in the intimate scene of the Phaedo were accustomed to the theory of ideas, and were a fit audience for the highest reasonings of Socrates on the true nature of life and the soul. For some years before the master's death (399 B.C.) Plato, if not a member of their circle, was often a spell-bound hearer of the " satyr." But ordinary Athenians had other views of Socrates, which varied according to their age and the extent of their acquaintance with him. Aristophanes' burlesque in the Clouds (423 B.C.) had left a common impression not unlike what we have of the King of Laputa. Yet the young men who had any frequent speech with him in his later years, while they felt there was something uncanny about him, found an irresistible attraction in his simple manner, his humorous insight into their ways and thoughts, and his fervent elo- quence on the principles of their actions and careers. He kept no school, and took no fees ; he distrusted the pretensions of the regular sophists, with whom he was carelessly confounded ; moreover, he professed to have no knowledge himself, except so far as to xi
