Chapter 24 Immune diversity 莘大
Chapter 24 Immune diversity
24.1 Introduction 24.2 Clonal selection amplifies lymphocytes that respond to individual antigens 24.3 Immunoglobulin genes are assembled from their parts in lymphocytes 24. 4 Light chains are assembled by a single recombination 24. 5 Heavy chains are assembled by two recombinations 24.6 Recombination generates extensive diversity 24.7 Avian immunoglobulins are assembled from pseudogenes 24.8 Immune recombination uses two types of consensus sequence 24.9 Recombination generates deletions or inversions 24. 10 The RAG proteins catalyze breakage and reunion 24. 11 Allelic exclusion is triggered by productive rearrangement 24.12 DNA recombination causes class switching 24. 13 Early heavy chain expression can be changed by RNA processing 24 14 Somatic mutation generates additional diversity 24.15 B cell development and memory 24. 16T-cell receptors are related to immunoglobulins 24. 17 The major histocompatibility locus codes for many genes of the immune system 消当
24.1 Introduction 24.2 Clonal selection amplifies lymphocytes that respond to individual antigens 24.3 Immunoglobulin genes are assembled from their parts in lymphocytes 24.4 Light chains are assembled by a single recombination 24.5 Heavy chains are assembled by two recombinations 24.6 Recombination generates extensive diversity 24.7 Avian immunoglobulins are assembled from pseudogenes 24.8 Immune recombination uses two types of consensus sequence 24.9 Recombination generates deletions or inversions 24.10 The RAG proteins catalyze breakage and reunion 24.11 Allelic exclusion is triggered by productive rearrangement 24.12 DNA recombination causes class switching 24.13 Early heavy chain expression can be changed by RNA processing 24.14 Somatic mutation generates additional diversity 24.15 B cell development and memory 24.16 T-cell receptors are related to immunoglobulins 24.17 The major histocompatibility locus codes for many genes of the immune system
24.1Introduction Antigen is any molecule whose entry into an organism provokes synthesis of an antibody (immunoglobulin) Superfamily is a set of genes all related by presumed descent from a common ancestor, but now showing considerable variation T cells are lymphocytes of the T( thymic) lineage; may be subdivided into several functional types. They carry TCR (T-cell receptor) and are involved in the cell mediated immune response 消当
Antigen is any molecule whose entry into an organism provokes synthesis of an antibody (immunoglobulin). Superfamily is a set of genes all related by presumed descent from a common ancestor, but now showing considerable variation. T cells are lymphocytes of the T (thymic) lineage; may be subdivided into several functional types. They carry TcR (T-cell receptor) and are involved in the cellmediated immune response. 24.1 Introduction
24.1Introduction B cetl Secretion of antibodies by B cell requires helper T cells Figure 24.1 humoral 人人A immunity is conferred by the Antibodies Antigen binding of free antibodies to antigens to form antigen Antibody-antigen antibody complexes that are complex removed from the bloodstream by macrophages or that are attacked directly by the complement proteins Macrophage 消当 Complement
Figure 24.1 Humoral immunity is conferred by the binding of free antibodies to antigens to form antigenantibody complexes that are removed from the bloodstream by macrophages or that are attacked directly by the complement proteins. 24.1 Introduction
Infected target cell degrades antigen into fragments 24.1Introduction ↓ Figure 24.2 In cell-mediated immunity killer T cells use Kiler: T: cell he T-cell receptor to recognize a fragment of the MHC presents T-cell receptor antiger foreign antigen which is presented on the surface of the target cell by the mhc protein Killer T cell hocyte reco 消当 ntigen fragment
Figure 24.2 In cell-mediated immunity, killer T cells use the T-cell receptor to recognize a fragment of the foreign antigen which is presented on the surface of the target cell by the MHC protein. 24.1 Introduction
24.2 Clonal selection amplifies lymphocytes that respond to individual antigens Ha apten is a small molecule that acts as an antigen when conjugated to a protein. 消当
Hapten is a small molecule that acts as an antigen when conjugated to a protein. 24.2 Clonal selection amplifies lymphocytes that respond to individual antigens
24.2 Clonal selection amplifies lymphocytes that respond to individual antigens Figure 24.3 The pool of immature ↓ lymphocytes contains B cells and T recophocyte cells making antibodies and receptors with a variety of specificities Clonal Reaction with an antigen leads to expansion ↓ clonal expansion of the lymphocyte with the antibody(B cell) or receptor (T cell) that can recognize the antigen 消当
Figure 24.3 The pool of immature lymphocytes contains B cells and T cells making antibodies and receptors with a variety of specificities. Reaction with an antigen leads to clonal expansion of the lymphocyte with the antibody (B cell) or receptor (T cell) that can recognize the antigen. 24.2 Clonal selection amplifies lymphocytes that respond to individual antigens
24.3 Immunoglobulin genes are assembled from their parts in lymphocytes C genes code for the constant regions of immunoglobulin protein chains V gene is sequence coding for the major part of the variable(n-terminal) region of an immunoglobulin chain 消当
C genes code for the constant regions of immunoglobulin protein chains. V gene is sequence coding for the major part of the variable (N-terminal) region of an immunoglobulin chain. 24.3 Immunoglobulin genes are assembled from their parts in lymphocytes
24.3 Immunoglobulin V domain Antigen binding genes are assembled eee ter Nn from their parts in ies (? lymphocytes H 1 Hin 1 domain Figure 24. 4 Heavy Light chair/CH2 C2 domain and light chains combine to generate Effector functions an immunoglobulin H5 with several discrete Cs domain d mains Heav chainy 消当
Figure 24.4 Heavy and light chains combine to generate an immunoglobulin with several discrete domains. 24.3 Immunoglobulin genes are assembled from their parts in lymphocytes
24.3 Immunoglobulin V domain Antigen binding genes are assembled eee ter Nn from their parts in ies (? lymphocytes H 1 Hin 1 domain Figure 24. 4 Heavy Light chair/CH2 C2 domain and light chains combine to generate Effector functions an immunoglobulin H5 with several discrete Cs domain d mains Heav chainy 消当
Figure 24.4 Heavy and light chains combine to generate an immunoglobulin with several discrete domains. 24.3 Immunoglobulin genes are assembled from their parts in lymphocytes
