福州大学：《现代大学英语精读》课程授课教案（三年级下）Lesson 7 Inaugural Address.doc_大学文库

Lesson 7 Inaugural Address I. Time Allocation and Teaching Procedure: ( about 6 classes) The 1 st session (about two classes): 1. students’ presentations (for the purpose of checking up students’ preview of the text) 2. teacher’s comment on the presentations. 3. additional introduction to the author and the background of the address 4. vocabulary (Textbook: 96) 5. teacher’s interpretation of the text The 2nd session ( about two classes): continuation of the interpretation of the meaning of some difficult sentences, language points, and rhetorical devices The3rd session (about two classes):1. continuation of the interpretation of the text 2. asking students to sum up the main idea, and to pick out some rhetorical devices used in the text. 3. explaining some useful words and expressions picked out from the text 4. exercises in the textbook 5. supplemental exercises— a. translation b. proofreading II. Objectives A. Content ⚫ To comprehend the grave theme and weighty arguments in Kennedy’s address ⚫ To learn about Language points B. Style and Strategies ⚫ To analysis the author’s diction ⚫ To analyze how the author organizes the structure that contributes to the clarity of the piece and the writing style. (e.g. paragraph transition, the writer’s tone and attitude, etc.) ⚫ to learn some of the rhetorical devices Kennedy employs to make his address vivid and forceful such as rhetorical question, parallel structure, inversion and repetition I. Topics for Presentations ⚫ What was the background against which the speech was delivered? ⚫ What does Kennedy have in mind when he says “The world is very different now”? Which period is he comparing to? ⚫ This inaugural address is regarded by many in the USA as a classical speech, and many passages are often quoted. Could you pick out some passages likely to be quoted by Americans? II. Additional background material 1. John. F. Kennedy (1871—63) 35th President of the USA, was a descendant of the Irish. At 43 he became President of the USA. John. F. Kennedy was born in Brookline, Mass. His father, Joseph. P. Kennedy, a very successful businessman, became a bank president when he was only

25,the youngest bank president at that time in the country.John was his second son.Joseph was very ambitious,he wanted his sons to be very outstanding figures of the country.John inherited the background of politics,wealth and determination of his family.He was a Harvard graduate. Soon after graduation,John joined the Navy and became a lieutenant. One day in August,1943.his crew on patrol encountered a Japanese destroyer,his patrol boat was destroyed and he was wounded,but he managed with the rest of the crew to escape to an island,and several days later,they were rescued.He was awarded the Navy and Marine Corps Medal,thus becoming a hero. When the war ended,he did a job as journalist for a while.In 1946 he ran for congress as a Democrat,and succeeded,and was re-elected twice In 1952 he beat Henry Cabot Lodge,a very powerful and influential Republican and became a Senator.In 1960 he ran for president of the USA and succeeded with a narrow margin,by defeating Republican candidate Richard M.Nixon in four television debates.He was the country's first Catholic President. In November.1963,President Kennedy made a journey to Texas for a speech-making tour.In Dallas On November 22.he and his wife were cheered as their open car passed through the streets.Suddenly,at 12:30 in the afternoon,an assassin fired shots at President.Kennedy was seriously wounded and was announced dead about a half later in Parkland Memorial Hospital.And within 2 hours,vice president Johnson took the oath as president. On Nov.24,a nationwide mourning was held.The next day leaders of 92 nations attended the state funeral,and a million people lined the route as a horsedrawn wagon carried the body to St.Mathew's Cathedral for a requiem mass(安魂弥散)。The president was buried on an open slope in Arlington National Cemetery.There an eternal flame,(light by his wife) marked the grave I.Teaching Points Para.1 In this para.Kennedy regards his election as president not as a victory of the Democratic Party,but as a victory of freedom. 1 We observe today not a victory of party.signifying renewal as well as change

25, the youngest bank president at that time in the country. John was his second son. Joseph was very ambitious, he wanted his sons to be very outstanding figures of the country. John inherited the background of politics, wealth and determination of his family. He was a Harvard graduate. Soon after graduation, John joined the Navy and became a lieutenant. One day in August, 1943, his crew on patrol encountered a Japanese destroyer, his patrol boat was destroyed and he was wounded, but he managed with the rest of the crew to escape to an island, and several days later, they were rescued. He was awarded the Navy and Marine Corps Medal, thus becoming a hero. When the war ended, he did a job as journalist for a while. In 1946 he ran for congress as a Democrat, and succeeded, and was re -elected twice. In 1952 he beat Henry Cabot Lodge, a very powerful and influential Republican and became a Senator. In 1960 he ran for president of the USA and succeeded with a narrow margin, by defeating Republican candidate Richard M. Nixon in four television debates. He was the country’s first Catholic President. In November, 1963，President Kennedy made a journey to Texas for a speech-making tour. In Dallas On November 22, he and his wife were cheered as their open car passed through the streets. Suddenly, at 12:30 in the afternoon, an assassin fired shots at President. Kennedy was seriously wounded and was announced dead about a half later in Parkland Memorial Hospital. And within 2 hours, vice president Johnson took the oath as president. On Nov. 24, a nationwide mourning was held. The next day leaders of 92 nations attended the state funeral, and a million people lined the route as a horsedrawn wagon carried the body to St. Mathew ’s Cathedral for a requiem mass (安魂弥散)。 The president was buried on an open slope in Arlington National Cemetery. There an eternal flame, (light by his wife) marked the grave. III. Teaching Points Para. 1 In this para. Kennedy regards his election as president not as a victory of the Democratic Party, but as a victory of freedom. 1 We observe today not a victory of party.signifying renewal as well as change:

1)a victory ofpart-referring to the victory of the Democratic Party over the Republican Party. 2)observe:to celebrate,e.g.to observe a victory,to observe National Day,to observe birthdays at home 3)symbolizing an end as well as a beginning:(the victory)indicating a beginning of a new period (i.e.the presidential term of Kennedy)and the end of Eisenhower's presidential term as well.4)renewal:resuming,continuation e.g.the renewal of the negotiations谈判的重新开始；the renewal of wars among warlords军阀重开 5)signifying renewal as well as change:signifying that president has changed from Eisenhower to Kennedy,but the office of president will perform its function continuously. O:1)Why not use".a victory of our party"or"the party"?2) What is the difference of saving".the end of the Presidency of Eisenhower and“an end.n? For I have sworn before you and Almighty God.three-quarters ago: 1)This is an end and a beginning,a renewal and a change,"for"he has just sworn an oath that was fixed by George Washington on April.30,1789.2) forebears:ancestors 3)prescribe:(here)to state that sth.must be done.to set down,impose e.g.to prescribe penalties for corruption规定了对腐败的一些惩 (cf.prescribe:to give sth.as a medicine or treatment e.g.The doctor has prescribed some pills for my stomach.)4)a century and three-quarters ago:the first presidential oath taken by George Washington on April 30.1789. Part 2 (Para.2-5)A general statement of political goals containing 3 ideas:1) With the progress man has made in human civilization,he has the power to exterminate poverty,and he also possesses the power to destroy human life by making use of certain modern means such as warships,nuclear weapons and so on.2)The torch has been passed on to a new generation of Americans 3) We shall do whatever possible to assure the survival and success of liberty Para.2 4 *For man holds in his mortal hands.any forms of human life:1)With the great technological development,man has possessed the power to exterminate poverty (because the ways of farming,transportation,production and so on have been greatly improve)and he also has the power to destroy human life by making use of certain modern means such as warships and A-bombs.-all this explains the statement "the world is very different now".2)mortal:human, of human being

1) a victory of party—referring to the victory of the Democratic Party over the Republican Party. 2) observe: to celebrate, e.g. to observe a victory, to observe National Day, to observe birthdays at home 3) symbolizing an end as well as a beginning: (the victory) indicating a beginning of a new period (i.e. the presidential term of Kennedy) and the end of Eisenhower ’s presidential term as well. 4) renewal: resuming, continuation e.g. the renewal of the negotiations 谈判的重新开始; the renewal of wars among warlords 军阀重开战 5) signifying renewal as well as change: signifying that president has changed from Eisenhower to Kennedy, but the office of president will perform its function continuously. 2 Q: 1) Why not use”. a victory of our party” or “the party”? 2) What is the difference of saying”. the end of the Presidency of Eisenhower” and “an end.” ? 3 For I have sworn before you and Almighty God. three-quarters ago: 1) This is an end and a beginning, a renewal and a change, “for” he has just sworn an oath that was fixed by George Washington on April. 30, 1789. 2) forebears: ancestors 3) prescribe: (here) to state that sth. must be done. to set down, impose e.g. to prescribe penalties for corruption 规定了对腐败的一些惩治办法（cf. prescribe: to give sth. as a medicine or treatment e.g. The doctor has prescribed some pills for my stomach.） 4) a century and three-quarters ago: the first presidential oath taken by George Washington on April 30, 1789. Part 2 (Para.2—5) A general statement of political goals containing 3 ideas: 1) With the progress man has made in human civilization, he has the power to exterminate poverty, and he also possesses the power to destroy human life by making use of certain modern means such as warships, nuclear weapons and so on. 2) The torch has been passed on to a new generation of Americans 3) We shall do whatever possible to assure the survival and success of liberty Para. 2 4 *For man holds in his mortal hands. any forms of human life: 1) With the great technological development, man has possessed the power to exterminate poverty (because the ways of farming, transportation, production and so on have been greatly improve) and he also has the power to destroy human life by making use of certain modern means such as warships and A-bombs.—all this explains the statement “the world is very different now”. 2) mortal: human, of human being

5 And yet the same revolutionary belief.is still at issue:1)the revolutionary belief refers to the idea embodied in the Declaration of Independence-Look at Note 5.2)at issue:under discussion,issue-a matter that is in dispute 争论中的，特解决的，有分歧的e.g.His good name was at issue in the trial.beat issue with sb.over sth.;be at issue as to +clause 3)The meaning:The revolutionary belief for which our forerunners had fought has not yet been settled in many other countries in the world. Para.3 6 We dare not forget that we are the heirs of that first revolution:we dare not forge that we are the descendants of those who fought the first revolutionary war-the war of independence. 7 Let the word go forth from this time.around the world:1)let the word go forth from this time and place-this is of formal style.It might be expressed in simple English like this:Here and now,I would like to tell my friends and my enemies.2)goforth:(biblical or formal)to start a journey In the text go forth means to be sent out传出，被发布e.g.An order that went forth that Germany should be taught in all schools of Alsace.3)torch(fig.) implies"inspirations and ideals"of the first revolution.4)tempered by war The Americans of the 20th century fought 2 world wars and a war in Vietnam. so they are well tempered or tested.temper:toughen e.g.troops tempered in battle 5)discipline:to train e.g.to discipline oneself to do sth.:to discipline trainees;a disciplined mind:a group of well-disciplined shoulders一群纪律严明的士兵6)hard and bitter peace:Kennedy became president during the cold war period when the world was divided into two hostile camps,one of which was under the leadership of US,the other,Soviet Union.Hence,hard and bitter peace.7)undo:destroy,remove the effects of 除，结束.的影e.gInl0 minutes he undid my whole day's work.他只用了io分钟就把我一整天的工作给毁了· 8 In Para3 and 4 Kennedy addresses to friends and foes as well,declaring both his determination-his political goal and his promise-to support any friend to assure the survival and success of liberty.At the same time he expresses an implied warning any prospective foe. Para.5 9 This much we pledge-and more:one-sentence para.transferring from the general to the specific.This much refers to the preceding promise.Meaning

5 And yet the same revolutionary belief. is still at issue: 1) the revolutionary belief refers to the idea embodied in the Declaration of Independence—Look at Note 5. 2) at issue: under discussion, issue—a matter that is in dispute 在争论中的，待解决的，有分歧的 e.g. His good name was at issue in the trial. be at issue with sb. over sth.; be at issue as to +clause 3) The meaning: The revolutionary belief for which our forerunners had fought has not yet been settled in many other countries in the world. Para.3 6 We dare not forget that we are the heirs of that first revolution: we dare not forge that we are the descendants of those who fought the first revolutionary war—the war of independence. 7 Let the word go forth from this time. around the world: 1) let the word go forth from this time and place—this is of formal style. It might be expressed in simple English like this: Here and now, I would like to tell my friends and my enemies. 2) go forth: (biblical or formal) to start a journey. In the text go forth means to be sent out 传出，被发布 e.g. An order that went forth that Germany should be taught in all schools of Alsace. 3) torch (fig.) implies “inspirations and ideals” of the first revolution . 4) tempered by war: The Americans of the 20th century fought 2 world wars and a war in Vietnam, so they are well tempered or tested. temper: toughen 锻炼 e.g. troops tempered in battle 5) discipline: to train 训练 e.g. to discipline oneself to do sth.; to discipline trainees; a disciplined mind；a group of well-disciplined shoulders 一群纪律严明的士兵 6）hard and bitter peace: Kennedy became president during the cold war period when the world was divided into two hostile camps, one of which was under the leadership of US, the other, Soviet Union. Hence, hard and bitter peace. 7) undo: destroy, remove the effects of 废除，结束.的影响 e.g In 10 minutes he undid my whole day’s work. 他只用了 10 分钟就把我一整天的工作给毁了。 8 In Para.3 and 4 Kennedy addresses to friends and foes as well, declaring both his determination—his political goal and his promise—to support any friend to assure the survival and success of liberty. At the same time he expresses an implied warning any prospective foe. Para. 5 9 This much we pledge—and more: one-sentence para. transferring from the general to the specific. This much refers to the preceding promise. Meaning

we promise to do it and we promise to do more about it. In the preceding paragraphs, Kennedy speaks to friends and foes in general. In the following paras. He will speak to different specific groups of nations. Part 3 (Paras. 6—10 ) In previous paras. Kennedy speaks to friends and foes in general, in the following paras. he will speak to different specific group of nations. Para.6 10 To those old allies,.whose cultural and spiritual origins we share: We share a common cultural and religious background with those friends, namely, Britain, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. 11 United, there is little we cannot do in a host of co-operative ventures.challenges at odds and split asunder: 1) If we are united together, we can do lots of things in a great number of joint enterprises. If we are divided, we can do nothing, for we dare not face a powerful challenge when we disagree with one another. 2) at adds: quarrelling 3) split asunder: disunited, separate 4) Pay attention to the parallel structure with chiasmus in the sentence. Para.7 12 To those new states. a far more iron tyranny: a far more iron tyranny: referring to “a Communist domination ”, Kennedy regards Communist society is something more merciless than colonial control. 13 In the past those who. by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside: 1) In the past, some countries sought the aid of Communist countries, and became their dependencies as a result. It is foolish indeed. We must learn this lesson. 2) Kennedy compares seeking the aid of Communist countries to “riding the back of the tiger”. Para.8 14 To those peoples in the huts and villages.to help them help themselves: 1) peoples: people of different nations and nationalities 2) break the bonds: to burst the chains, fetters, bonds: chains, fetters, e.g. the bonds of affection 3) mass: large scale 15 We pledge our best efforts to. because it is right: by the sentence, Kennedy means to let people believe that the USA offers unselfish aid to countries that need it—It is just pure propaganda. Para. 9

16 To our sister republics.we offer special pledge.in casting off the chains of poverty:1)Q:How do you understand the word sister here?:Kennedy carefully chose this word which connects quality and mutual good relations, attempting to remove the traditional fears these countries have for their powerful brother in the north.2)convert:change from one form into another,e.g.to convert oil into (to)gas;to convert cotton into cloth;He was converted to our point of view.3)in casting off the chains of poverty:in abandoning the chains.to cast ofsth.such prejudice,an idea of.or to cast oneself off from old tradition 17 but this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey ofhostile powers We will not allow any enemy country to overthrow this peaceful revolution which brings hope of progress to all our countries. 18 And let every other power know.remain the master of its house:(metaphor)1) And let every country know that the nations of this hemisphere will not allow any interference in their affairs by countries outside this hemisphere.This is waring directing at the Soviet Union,telling them to keep away from the America.2)the master of its own house:(metaphor)run its own affairs. Para.10 19To prevent it from becoming merely aforum for invective:to prevent the United Nations from becoming an assembly where people just criticize or abuse and insult each other 20 to enlarge the area in which its writ may run:1)to enlarge the area in which its authority and command would continue to be in force.2)writ:a formal written document,here,it refers to the United Nations Charter.This word is usually used with the verb:run with the meaning to continue in force. Part 4(Paras.11-19 Para.11 21 Finally to those nations who would make themselves.not a pledge but a request.In this sentence the speaker is very carefully in his choice of words. The phrase"would make themselves our adversary"implying the blame for confrontation and world tension on the other side.The United States takes no responsibility for it. 22 before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf.o accidental selfdestruction:1)before the terrible forces of destruction released by science overwhelm mankind,before this self-destruction takes place

16 To our sister republics.we offer special pledge.in casting off the chains of poverty: 1) Q: How do you understand the word sister here? : Kennedy carefully chose this word which connects quality and mutual good relations, attempting to remove the traditional fears these countries have for their powerful brother in the north. 2) convert: change from one form into another, e.g. to convert oil into (to) gas; to convert cotton into cloth; He was converted to our point of view. 3) in casting off the chains of poverty: in abandoning the chains. to cast off sth. such prejudice, an idea of. or to cast oneself off from old tradition 17 but this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers: We will not allow any enemy country to overthrow this peaceful revolution which brings hope of progress to all our countries. 18 And let every other power know. remain the master of its house: (metaphor) 1) And let every country know that the nations of this hemisphere will not allow any interference in their affairs by countries outside this hemisphere. This is warning directing at the Soviet Union, telling them to keep away from the America. 2) the master of its own house: (metaphor) run its own affairs. Para. 10 19 To prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective: to prevent the United Nations from becoming an assembly where people just criticize or abuse and insult each other. 20 to enlarge the area in which its writ may run: 1) to enlarge the area in which its authority and command would continue to be in force. 2) writ: a formal written document, here, it refers to the United Nations Charter. This word is usually used with the verb: run with the meaning to continue in force. Part 4( Paras. 11—19 ) Para.11 21 Finally to those nations who would make themselves .not a pledge but a request: In this sentence the speaker is very carefully in his choice of words. The phrase “would make themselves our adversary” implying the blame for confrontation and world tension on the other side. The United States takes no responsibility for it. 22 before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf.or accidental self-destruction: 1) before the terrible forces of destruction released by science overwhelm mankind, before this self-destruction takes place

whether it is well planned or it is by accident. 2)unleash:let go from a leash 3)engulf:swallow up,overwhelm Para.12 23 We dare not tempt them with weakness:We dare not be weak because it might lure the enemy into taking rash actions. Para.13 24.take comfort from our present course:1)not to feel worried about the present intense international situation 2)some collocations with comfort:find comfort in;bring comfort to 25 both racing to alter that in certain balance.of mankind's final war:1)stay the hand:to restrain sb.from taking actions 2)balance ofterror:the balance of terrible military power,especially the power of atomic weapons 3)Yet both groups of nations are trying to change this uncertain balance of terrible military power which restrains each group from launching mankind's final war. Para.14 26 Sincerity is alays subject to proof:1)Let us also remember that one's sincerity must be proved by facts.2)be subject to:ruled by;conditionally upon,likely to be affected,e.g.In modern society our social life is subject to the law laid down by the goverment. Para.15 27 Let both sides explore what problems.which divide us:1)belabour (here) to persuade or find out by a lot of talking or writing,e.g.belabour the trivial matters 2)This sentence is an antithesis.3)Let us try to find out what we have n common and act together instead of wasting time quarreling about things we disagree on. Para.16 28 In this para.Kennedy is proposing the control and restriction of nuclear weapons which have absolute power to destroy other nations.Note the repetition of“absolute”and“nation”in this para. Para.17 In this para.Kennedy offers proposals for making use of the good and beneficial things science can offer and areas in which both sides can work together. 29 Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors:1) Let both sidestry to make use of science to produce good and beneficial things for man instead of employing it to bring frightful destruction.2)invoke:call upon(God,the power of law,etc.)for help e.g.to invoke the aid /assistance

whether it is well planned or it is by accident. 2) unleash: let go from a leash 3) engulf: swallow up, overwhelm Para. 12 23 We dare not tempt them with weakness: We dare not be weak because it might lure the enemy into taking rash actions. Para. 13 24 .take comfort from our present course: 1) not to feel worried about the present intense international situation 2) some collocations with comfort: find comfort in; bring comfort to 25 both racing to alter that in certain balance. of mankind’s final war: 1) stay the hand: to restrain sb. from taking actions 2) balance of terror: the balance of terrible military power, especially the power of atomic weapons 3) Yet both groups of nations are trying to change this uncertain balance of terrible military power which restrains each group from launching mankind’s final war. Para. 14 26 Sincerity is always subject to proof: 1) Let us also remember that one’s sincerity must be proved by facts. 2) be subject to: ruled by; conditionally upon, likely to be affected, e.g. In modern society our social life is subject to the law laid down by the government. Para. 15 27 Let both sides explore what problems. which divide us: 1) belabour (here): to persuade or find out by a lot of talking or writing, e.g. belabour the trivial matters 2) This sentence is an antithesis. 3) Let us try to find out what we have n common and act together instead of wasting time quarreling about things we disagree on. Para. 16 28 In this para. Kennedy is proposing the control and restriction of nuclear weapons which have absolute power to destroy other nations. Note the repetition of “absolute” and “nation” in this para. Para.17 In this para. Kennedy offers proposals for making use of the good and beneficial things science can offer and areas in which both sides can work together. 29 Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors: 1) Let both sides try to make use of science to produce good and beneficial things for man instead of employing it to bring frightful destruction. 2) invoke: call upon (God, the power of law, etc. ) for help e.g. to invoke the aid / assistance

of sb 30 let both explore the stars.conquer the deserts.eradicate disease,tap the ocean depths.commerce:1)explore the stars:space exploration 2)tap: make use of,obtain,gain,e.g.a.to tap a rich lode of Zinc ore b.A lot of foreign companies are trying to tap into IT market in China Para.18 31 Let both sides unite to heed.in all corners of the earth.let the oppressed go free.:1)heed:give attention to 2)undo:remove the effect of,get rid of,e.g. He undid most of his predecessor.3)Here is a Biblical quotation in keeping with his biblical style. Para.19 32 if a beachhead of co-operation may push back the jungles of suspicion:1) beachhead:(1)an area on a hostile beach occupied to secure further landing of troops and supplies (2)foothold (3)jungles of suspicion:metaphor (a jungle covers a large piece of land)deep and great suspicion 2)Kennedy is here comparing“a small beginning of cooperation'”toa“A beachhead”and “deep and widespread suspicion'”toa“jungle”.3)The meaning of the sentence and if a little bit of cooperation can lessen the deep suspicion that exists on both sides the let us. 33 Let both sides join in creating a new endeavor and the peace preserved: (This is a concrete proposal)1)Let us work together making a new and earnest effort to cerate a just and peaceful world in which neither side will seek for arms race,and disputes can be settled together through legal means,and in which the strong nations will not bully the weak and the weak countries feel safe and peace remains.2)endeavor:(n.&v.):earnest attempt or effort,e.g. endeavor at doing sth.;make a very endeavor to do sth. Part.6(Para.20)A transitional Para Part.7(Para.21-27) Para.21 34 my fellow citizens:Note the use of "fellow"here.By treating his audience as his equals,Kennedy intends to arouse their patriotic passions. 35 the final success or failure of our course:course:a chosen manner of conduction oneself,way of acting,e.g.a.Our wisest course is to retreat.b.To set the country's economic course

of sb. 30 let both explore the stars, conquer the deserts, eradicate disease, tap the ocean depths.commerce: 1) explore the stars: space exploration 2) tap: make use of, obtain, gain, e.g. a. to tap a rich lode of Zinc ore b. A lot of foreign companies are trying to tap into IT market in China. Para.18 31 Let both sides unite to heed, in all corners of the earth.let the oppressed go free.: 1) heed: give attention to 2) undo: remove the effect of, get rid of, e.g. He undid most of his predecessor. 3) Here is a Biblical quotation in keeping with his biblical style. Para. 19 32 if a beachhead of co-operation may push back the jungles of suspicion : 1) beachhead: (1) an area on a hostile beach occupied to secure further landing of troops and supplies (2) foothold (3) jungles of suspicion: metaphor (a jungle covers a large piece of land) deep and great suspicion 2) Kennedy is here comparing “a small beginning of cooperation” to a “A beachhead” and “deep and widespread suspicion” to a “jungle”. 3) The meaning of the sentence: and if a little bit of cooperation can lessen the deep suspicion that exists on both sides the let us. 33 Let both sides join in creating a new endeavor,. and the peace preserved: (This is a concrete proposal) 1) Let us work together making a new and earnest effort to cerate a just and peaceful world in which neither side will seek for arms race, and disputes can be settled together through legal means, and in which the strong nations will not bully the weak and the weak countries feel safe and peace remains. 2) endeavor: (n. & v.) : earnest attempt or effort, e.g. endeavor at doing sth.; make a very endeavor to do sth. Part. 6 (Para. 20 ) A transitional Para. Part. 7 (Para. 21—27 ) Para. 21 34 my fellow citizens: Note the use of “fellow” here. By treating his audience as his equals, Kennedy intends to arouse their patriotic passions. 35 the final success or failure of our course: course: a chosen manner of conduction oneself, way of acting, e.g. a. Our wisest course is to retreat. b. To set the country’s economic course

36 each generation of American has been summoned to give testimony to its national lovalty:1)summon:to order to come.to call upon to do sth.2) give festimony:to show evidence 3)Americans of each generation have been called upon to show their faithfulness to their country Para.22 37 Now the trumpet summoned us again:Now our country is calling upon us once more to fight and die for it.1)bear arms:to be /serve a soldier,join the army bear:(1)suffer or accept;endure (2)to be equipped or fumish withe.g. to bear the pain bravely (endure):to bear a sword 2)embattled:be ready for battle 3)Today our country is not calling upon us to join the army,although we need a strong army and although we are prepared for battles. 38 but a call to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle,year in and year out:1) to bear the burden:to take on the burden 2)wilight (adj.here):dim or fain. unclear A twilight state is a situation of uncertainty.which seems to exist between two different states.A nilight struggle:an unclear and dubious struggle that on one can tell its result-victory or failure. 3)year in and year our:year after year,suggesting a long time struggle 39 rejoicing in hope,patient in tribulation:to be patient:1)to have endurance 2) tribulation:distress,trouble 3)to be happy and ay when things look bright and hopeful;to be patient when in trouble or distress. Para23 40 Can we forge against these enemies a grand and global alliance,North and south.East and West,.all mankind:I)“we”-refers to the people of the world 2)forge:shape,form 3)This is an inverted sentence,the normal order of it is:Can we forge a grand and global alliance,North and South,East and West,against these enemies?4)The meaning:Can we form a grand and real alliance with the nations in every part of the world to fight against tyranny. poverty,disease and war? 41 that can assure a more fruitfiul life:that can guarantee a more prosperous life. Para.24 42only a few generations have been granted the role of defending freedom in its maximum danger:1)a deliberate exaggeration to increase the sense of urgency and to make people realize their responsibility for their country.2) The meaning:only a few generations have been allowed to take the duty to defend freedom when it was in the greatest danger. 43 the energy.the faith.can truly light the world:metaphor used here is"fire

36 each generation of American has been summoned to give testimony to its national loyalty: 1) summon: to order to come, to call upon to do sth. 2) give testimony: to show evidence 3) Americans of each generation have been called upon to show their faithfulness to their country. Para. 22 37 Now the trumpet summoned us again: Now our country is calling upon us once more to fight and die for it. 1) bear arms: to be / serve a soldier, join the army bear: (1) suffer or accept; endure (2) to be equipped or furnish with e.g. to bear the pain bravely (endure); to bear a sword 2) embattled: be ready for battle 3) Today our country is not calling upon us to join the army, although we need a strong army and although we are prepared for battles. 38 but a call to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle, year in and year out: 1) to bear the burden: to take on the burden 2) twilight (adj. here): dim or fain, unclear A twilight state is a situation of uncertainty, which seems to exist between two different states. A twilight struggle: an unclear and dubious struggle that on one can tell its result—victory or failure. 3) year in and year our: year after year, suggesting a long time struggle 39 rejoicing in hope, patient in tribulation: to be patient: 1) to have endurance 2) tribulation: distress, trouble 3) to be happy and ay when things look bright and hopeful; to be patient when in trouble or distress. Para23 40 Can we forge against these enemies a grand and global alliance, North and south, East and West,.all mankind: 1) “we”—refers to the people of the world 2) forge: shape , form 3) This is an inverted sentence, the normal order of it is : Can we forge a grand and global alliance, North and South, East and West, against these enemies? 4) The meaning: Can we form a grand and real alliance with the nations in every part of the world to fight against tyranny, poverty, disease and war? 41 that can assure a more fruitful life: that can guarantee a more prosperous life. Para. 24 42 .only a few generations have been granted the role of defending freedom in its maximum danger: 1) a deliberate exaggeration to increase the sense of urgency and to make people realize their responsibility for their country. 2) The meaning: only a few generations have been allowed to take the duty to defend freedom when it was in the greatest danger. 43 the energy, the faith,.can truly light the world: metaphor used here is “fire