
BOX17-1Why Is There a Logarithmic Relation Between Transmittance and Concentration?51OP4Beer's law, Equation 17-6, states that absorbance is proportional[dpdpto the concentration ofthe absorbingspecies.The fraction of lightdxβcdx-βc==PPpassing through a sample (the transmitance) is related logarith-10Rmically, not linearly,to the sample concentration.Why shouldThe limits of integration are P = Po at x = 0 and P=Palx=bthis be?Imagine light of irradiance P passing through an infinitesimallyPo→βcbIn P = (In Po) = βcbInthin layer of solution whose thickness is dx.A physical model oftheabsorption process suggests that, within the infinitesimally thinFinally, converting n into log, using the relation In z = (ln 10)(log z),layer, decrease in power (dP) ought to be proportional to the inci-gives Beer's law:dent power (P),to the concentration ofabsorbing species (c),and tothe thickness of the section (dx):βlogcb4A =ecb(In10)dP=-βPcdx(A)AbsorbanceConstant = ewhere β is a constant of proportionality and the minus sign indi-The logarithmicrelationof Poptocates a decrease in P as x increases. The rationale for saying thatconcentrationarisesthe decrease in power is proportional to the incident power maybecause,in each infinitesimalportion of the total volume,thebe understood from a numerical example.If 1 photon out of 1000decreasein powerisproportional to thepowerincidentupon tharincident photons is absorbed in a thin layer, we would expect thatsection, As light travels through the sample, the power loss in each2 out of 2 000 incident photons would be absorbed. The decreasesucceeding layer decreases, because the magnitude of the incidentin photons (power)is proportional to the incident flux of photonspower that reaches each layer is decreasing. Molar absorptivity(power).ranges from o (if the probability for photon absorption is O) toy10°MEquation A can berearranged and integrated to find an expressioncm-1approximately(when theprobability forphotonforP:absorption approachesunity).bIncidentAbsorbingEmerging.P-OlightlightsolutionX=0X=bd1
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EXAMPLEAbsorbance,Transmittance,andBeer'sLawFindtheabsorbanceandtransmittanceofa0.00240Msolutionof a substancewithamolarabsorptivityof313M-cm-inacellwitha2.00-cmpathlengthSolution Equation17-6givesus theabsorbance.A=εbc=(313M-cm-)(2.00cm)(0.00240M)=1.50Transmittanceis obtained fromEquation 17-5byraising 10 to thepower equal totheexpression on each side of the equation:log T=-AT = 10log 7 = 10A = 10-1.50 = 0.031 6Just3.16%oftheincidentlightemergesfromthissolutionTest YourselfThe transmittance of a 0.010 M solution of a compound in a 0.100-cm-pathlength cell is T=8.23%.Findtheabsorbance(A)and themolarabsorptivity ()(Answer:1.08,1.08×10°M-cm-)2
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TABLE17-1Colorsof visible lightColorColorWavelength of maximumabsorbedobservedabsorption (nm)Violet380-420Green-yellow420-440Violet-blueYellow440-470BlueOrangeRed470-500Blue-greenPurple500-520GreenViolet520-550Yellow-green550-580YellowViolet-blue580-620OrangeBlueRed620-680Blue-greenRed680-780Green3
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StandardMicrocells1-cmpathCylindrical20-mmpath5-mm1-mmThermalpathpathFlowFIGURE17-5Commoncuvetsforvisibleandultravioletspectroscopy.Flowcellspermitcontinuousflowofsolutionthroughthecell.Inthethermal cell,liquidfromaconstant-temperaturebathflowsthrough the cell jackettomaintain a desired temperature.[CourtesyA.H.Thomas Co, Philadelphia,PA.]
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第五章紫外可见吸收光谱分析1、特征谱基础(1)分子总能量与能级结构p6;(2)分子轨道与电子能级p6~7分子能级-电子能级(成键和反键轨道)一紫外可见光光谱p2、电子辐射与材料相互作用(1)分子的散射p25、(2)紫外、可见(吸收)光谱p29(3)分子荧光、磷光光谱p30~31p3、紫外可见吸收光谱法之基本原理p204~2095
5 第五章 紫外可见吸收光谱分析 p 1、特征谱基础 (1)分子总能量与能级结构p6; (2)分子轨道与电子能级p6~7 分子能级-电子能级(成键和反键轨道)-紫外可见光光谱 p 2、电子辐射与材料相互作用 (1)分子的散射p25、(2)紫外、可见(吸收)光谱p29 、(3)分子荧光、磷光光谱 p30~31 p 3、紫外可见吸收光谱法 之 基本原理p204~209

学习目的与要求一、目的与要求1。*掌握电磁辐射与物质结构的关系。2.掌握电子波波长的计算3.理解电子和分子的能级分布3。*掌握干涉指数的表示方法和意义4。**掌握倒易点阵与正点阵之间的关系,倒易失量的表示方法。5.掌握晶带指数与晶面指数的关系,二、学时讲授4学时,自学大于8学时6
6 学习目的与要求 一、目的与要求 1. *掌握电磁辐射与物质结构的关系。 2. 掌握电子波波长的计算。 3. 理解电子和分子的能级分布 3. *掌握干涉指数的表示方法和意义。 4.** 掌握倒易点阵与正点阵之间的关系,倒易矢量 的表示方法。 5. 掌握晶带指数与晶面指数的关系。 二、学时 讲授4学时,自学大于8学时

第二节材料结构基础(一)材料一般界定在固体物质范围,固体由原子(离子)聚集成分子态、晶态和非晶态等固体物质的不同存在形式。一、原子能态及其表征二、分子运动与能级三、原子的磁矩和原子核自旋(选学)四、固体的能带结构(自学)
7 第二节 材料结构基础(一) 材料一般界定在固体物质范围,固体由原子 (离子)聚集成分子态、晶态和非晶态等固 体物质的不同存在形式。 一、原子能态及其表征 二、分子运动与能级 三、原子的磁矩和原子核自旋(选学) 四、固体的能带结构 (自学)

分子运动与能态二、p分子由原子组成,原子结合成分子时可以是共价键,也可以是离子键,本处仅限于讨论共价键的情况。1、 分子的总能量与能级结构一般分子总能量(E)可近似认为由分子中各原子核外电子轨道运动能量(E。),原子(或原子团)相对振动能量(E,)及整个分子绕其质心转动的能量(E,)组成,即E=E.+E.+Ee
8 二、分子运动与能态 p 分子由原子组成,原子结合成分子时可以是共价键,也可以 是离子键,本处仅限于讨论共价键的情况. 1.分子的总能量与能级结构 一般分子总能量(E)可近似认为由分子中各原子核外电子 轨道运动能量(Ee ),原子(或原子团)相对振动能量 (Ev )及整个分子绕其质心转动的能量(Er )组成,即

V-2JEV'-1J'-o3=1V'=0J'=0BV"=4v"-3V"=2J"-45"=2VhJ"=0J°4-J"=2V.-0J"=0A(结构)示意图(双原子)分子能级-振动能级;J、J□-A、B-电子能级;VO、VOO转动能级9
9 (双原子)分子能级(结构)示意图 A、B-电子能级;V 、V -振动能级;J 、J - 转动能级

转动能级差:(相当于微波和远红外):1.25-0.012cm(红外)25 μum~1.25 μm振动能级差:(400~8000 cm-1)l :2.5 10-3 - 1.25*10-4cm(近红外,可见,紫外,远紫外)电子能级跃迁:1:1.25*10-4-6*10-°cm1250 nm~780~380~200~60 nm一般地,ER<E<E10
10 转动能级差: (相当于微波和远红外) 振动能级差:(红外)25 μm~1.25 μm (400~8000 cm-1) 电子能级跃迁: (近红外,可见,紫外,远紫外) 1250 nm~780~380~200~60 nm 一般地, ER < Ev < Ee