Periodic Table ofElements23580121314151646791011171812Atomic#SymbdHHe1HelNamHydrogencSolidNonmetalsMetalsL00081.00734Atamie Mass3metals10AlkalimetalsearthmetalsAlkalineTransitionPoormetalsnonmetalsOtherNoblegasesSHg8FLiquidULanthanoids0ABe8NoLiNe2BaeiHEGas251a2Actinoids121318111617RfUnknownSSiPAIlArMgCI3Na012.04T2.0203191F22:18978282332361920212224252627282930533343518ERScTi1VEKaNiCuZnGeMnSeKrASBr4创ENEYEEaHFE21042463739404143444647484950515338525428B0srYZrRhPdSn18MoTCRuCdSbTeXeRbNb571EBoronCaeninBa015804112.4115577787985567273747576808182838486PtTaWReOsIrPbBaHfAuHgTIBiPoAtCsRn6格57-71RaeDurTraiomBiamathCFAwtatine200:59204-38623200.5004002.911813290545192005824)20956718788104105106107108109110111112113114115116117118S0mRaHsFrRfDbBhMt7DsRgUutUuqUuhUus器UubUuo89-103UupDutoumUhnpetnUnuntexunranohsmRtetoarammUhungeptimUnunoctumRortenun(208)(223)(271)(272)280(284)RBE(201)292(294)For elements with no stable isotopes,themass number of the isotope with thelongest half-life is in parenthesesDesign and InterfaceCopyright1997Michael Dayah (michael@dayah.com).http://www.ptable.com/596061SmEu64656BHo069575870712eRD8pEoASaAEPrGdNdPmTbDy27YbLaLuTmLanitanoPaa13890547Ptable89909192939495969798ES100101102103HeuDrRNgREO0R.comCfFHRHRUTTHPeAcPaNPPuAmHRCmBkFmMdNoLrThCaitonAetnumThonumProteinumUrarumNeptnomPuonam9Cunu-BecelivnEnsteriumLeosevumNobelumLrerenclonAmenciv(247)227222.03806231.09588238.02891(237)(24)(243)(24T)5201)(22)(208)(202)(209)
2OPEN店AsSolid2Atoms combineto makeInert GasesOOHatroomWatch0Licguidmolecules by sharing or tradingHeat-ResistantPlants andAirtemperatureLanthanidesBatteriesEmeraldsGlasswareAnimalsToothpasteSiansWetercs Gastheir outerelectronsActinidesHONa11Mg12AI13141516CI17Ar18Manyatoms preferto haveTrans-ActinidesRadioactiveforAluminumSliconSulphurSodiumMagneskumPhosphorusChlorineArgoneight electrons in theirouterorbitS Man-Made5TH2O二liketheoxygenatom in H20O口5营BakingRocks,GreenTRNE7sSodaPiartsASONMAFoilBonesEgg YolksBleachLight BulbsLSand &Dirt1920Se212223Cr224Mn25Fe2627Ni28Cu29Zn30231323334Rr035aTCoGaGeSASSeKr36CnrorriunronCobaltNickelZincPotassiumCaiciumScandiunTitaniumVanadiunManganeseCopperGalliumGermaniumArsenicSeleniumBrorrineKrypton12:00a一0羊O00FIRockElectricLigit-EnttingBuildingsBrassFertlizerTeethAquarmarinesJetsSpringsCarTrinCrushersMagnetsCoinsWiresDiodesElectronicsPoisonSolar CellsSedativesLasersRb37Se384243Ru4445Pd46Cd48InSbe51Te523Xew542239740Nb41MoTcRhAg4749Sn5053RubidiumStrortiurYttriunZirconiumNiobiumMolybdenumTechnetiumRutheniumRhodiumPalladiunCadmiumIndiumTinAntimonyTeluriumlodineXenonSilverA一BE福T4云SOMagLevElectricColorZirconCuttingPolutionRechargeabileLaboratoryMedicalSolar CelsFireworksToolsContactsControlFilnBatteriesCansAntisepticLighthousesPhosphorsGemsTrainsDiagnosisCruciblesElectronicsTypeMetalSolar CellsCs55Ba56Hff72Tata73w74Re75Os7677A78AU798081Pb82Bi83Po84At85Rn86Ho2BoriunHafniumTantalunTungstenRheriumIridiuanPletinunGoldThaliunLeadBismuthAstatineCesiumOsmiumMercuryPoloniumRadon2Lanthanides-.-.?四2003图6OO奥-GMSeeBelow0000nAtorricStomachNuclearSpeciaExtinctionFweArtificiaAnti-StaticFewUsesRadiationPoisonClocksX-RaysControJointsLight BulbsLichtBulbsPenPointsMeteorThermonetersWeightsSprinklersBrushesTherapyJewelryJewelryShort-LivecF87Ra88Rf104Db105Sg106Bh107Hs108Mt109Uun112Uut113Uuq114Uup115Uuh117Uuo118110Uuu111Uub116Uus6FranciumRutherfordiunBohrium"HassiumMotneriumUrunniliumUnunquadiunUnunseptiumUrunoctiumRadiumDubniunSeaborgiumUnununiumUnunbiunUnuntriumUnunperitiuUnunhexiunActinides.a-A-04,-4?4--7See BelowFewUsesLuninousShort-LivedPaintLTrans-Actinides: These man-made atoms exist for less than a secondElement 112 was the highest-numbered element yet created, as of 1996Groups5ce6860PmSmg63Gd64b65Dy66HO6E68Tm69YbLU71The vertical columnsLanthanidesCeriumNeodymiumHolmiunErbiumThuiunYtterbiuLutetiuLanthenunPraseodymiunPromethiumSamTEuropiumGcnuTeroumDysprosiuT-are called groups.of???福山0Rare EarthO8Elemerts inthe same8SMetalsOX0group behave similartyBWelder'sCciorColorArcLigrterpacecraftArcColorNuclearNuclearCoicrColorColorbecause they have theLempsTelescopesCortrolCortrolFinsGogglesPowerLampsPhosphorsLasersPhosphorsPhosphorsPhosphorsPnosonorsPhosphorssameumber of outerPu94Cf98+Ac89Th90Pa91U92Np93Am95Cm96Bk97ESP99Fm100Md2101No102Lr10356electrons.ActinidesActiniumnoriunProtactiniunUraniumNeptuniurnPlutoniumAmericlumCuriunBerkeliunCalitorriunEinsteiniunFermiumMendeleviurnNobelumLawmeneumLF4.aa.a公A4.-S4Group 1 has one outerODto星力8electron,group2 hasSeOEtwo, etc, Most transi-Short-LivedShon-Lived Short-Lived Short-Lived Short-LivedNeutronFewUsesNuclearNeutronNuclearSmokeLanternacecrafttion metals heve two.SourceMantlesVeryRareDetectorsDetectorsPowerFewUsesGaugesPowerWeapons(Moniths)(Days)(Hours)(Minutes)(Seconds)
atomic size decreases25634781O工OHeBeBLiNe■5esNaMgA1SAr-KGaGeCaASSeBrKTSrSbRbInSnTeXeAtT1PbBiPoRnBaCs
原子得失电子的能力原子核与核外电子必然要和它周围的其他原子中的原子核和核外电子产生静电库伦力，其Na中起主要作用的是各原子的最外层电子。SodiumatomChlorineatom各种元素的外层电子组态具有一定的周期性，属于周期表中Na+CI同一族的元素具有相似的属性中因此原子结合成晶体时，可以形成一些比较典型的晶体。+SodiumionChlorideion
原子得失电子的能力 原子核与核外电子必然要和它 周围的其他原子中的原子核和 核外电子产生静电库伦力，其 中起主要作用的是各原子的最 外层电子。 各种元素的外层电子组态具有 一定的周期性，属于周期表中 同一族的元素具有相似的属性， 因此原子结合成晶体时，可以 形成一些比较典型的晶体
电离能(ionizationenergy)使原子失去一个电子所需要的能量称为原子的电离能：电离能越小，说明其形成阳离子倾向越强；电离能可以用来度量原子对价电子的束缚能力；第一电离能I,= 496 kJ/molNa(g)→Nat(g) + e"第二电离能I,= 4560 kJ/molNat(g)Na?+((g)+ e
电离能(ionization energy) 使原子失去一个电子所需要的能量称为原子的电离能; 电离能越小，说明其形成阳离子倾向越强； 电离能可以用来度量原子对价电子的束缚能力； 第一电离能 Na(g)→Na+ (g) + eI1= 496 kJ/mol 第二电离能 Na+ (g)→Na2+ (g)+ eI2= 4560 kJ/mol
Ne2000(ro/) .g oel sF1.500NO1000BeBFirst ionization energies of the elements/KJ mol-1H500HeLi13102370Li2BeF357BcN0468910Ne52090080010901400131016802080AtomicNumber3NaMgPSCIAISiAr5007407901520580101010001250K4CaScTivCrFeCoNiMnCuZnGaGeAsSeBrKr420590630660650650720760760740750910580760950940135011405YRbSrZrNbMoTcRuRhPdXeCdSnSbTe1AgIn550400620660660680700710720710800730870560830870117010106CsBaHfWLaTaReIrPtOsTIPbBiAuHgPoAtRn3805005406807607707608408808708901010590720700810
CopyrightTheMcGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.PermissionrequiredforreproductionordisplaylonizationHeenergy2372(kJ/mol)2500Ne208020001681Ar1520ONC150013141402S0HCI13111256KC135110861000SBrAP999B10121143BeXe8001170se899Si1500As94178619471009AlLiGeMgRnTe5775201037761738869oSbAtGa834>Na(926)579snPO496Ca708813590InBiKPb558703419Sr715TIG549Rb589CCD403BaBA0503TA(17)(18)CS6A3765AG(16)4A(15)3A(14)(13)Group92A1A(2)(1)
电子亲合能（ElectronAffinity）一个中性原子获得一个电子成为负离子所释放出的能量叫电子亲和能；E.A.=349 kJ/molCl(g)+ e'→CI (g)电子亲和能越大，说明其形成负离子倾向越强；电子亲和能也用来度量原子对电子的束缚能力：电子亲和能不能看成电离过程的逆过程；
电子亲合能(Electron Affinity) 一个中性原子获得一个电子成为负离子所释放出的能量叫 电子亲和能； 电子亲和能越大，说明其形成负离子倾向越强； 电子亲和能也用来度量原子对电子的束缚能力； 电子亲和能不能看成电离过程的逆过程； Cl(g)+ e-→Cl- (g) E.A. = 349 kJ/mol
Electronaffinity3500000kJ permol10050Na MgAlSiPwww.webelements.comVIIAIA181HeHIIAIVAVAVIAVIIAIIAElectron affinities in kJ released per211314151617273mole of mononegative ions formedEBONNeCBe27-72912214132860-19P13SNaAISiMgCI川BIVBVIlIVIIIIBIBVBVIBVIIBVIll72454313420053-1936789101112349TiVKrKNiBrCaScCrMnFeCuZnGaGeAsSeCo4839-1018851641664781121182911619532547YSrZrNbRUSbCSMoRhPOSnXeICCOen4147304186295531011102911610319072543226RbHfPbBiAtRnBaTaPoLaReDOSHo4531791410610120520359118327041223-61RaDbJIRfFrAcBhHnMt44S.K.Lower
电负性（Electronegativity）电负性表示两个不同原子形成化学键时吸引电子能力的相对强弱；电负性有多种定义方法，R.S.Mulliken的定义方法是通过电离能和亲和能来定义X = 0.187(E;+Eea)+0.17上式计算单位为eV，0.187和0.17是为了使Li的电负性数值为1:如果计算单位为KJ/mol，计算公式则为X= 0.197 (E;+Eea)10-3+0.19
χ = 0.197 (Ei+Eea)10-3+0.19 电负性(Electronegativity) 电负性表示两个不同原子形成化学键时吸引电子能力的相对 强弱； 电负性有多种定义方法，R. S. Mulliken的定义方法是通过电 离能和亲和能来定义 χ = 0.187(Ei+Eea)+0.17 上式计算单位为eV，0.187和0.17是为了使Li的电负性数值为1； 如果计算单位为KJ/mol，计算公式则为