Unit 4 the fundamentals of computer Hardware Text 1 Organization of Computer System Components Now lets look at our computer definition: A computer is a fast and accurate system. It is organized to accept, store, and process data and produce output results. This section will explain why a computer is a system and how a computer system is organized Key elements in a computer sy stem include memory, input devices, central processing unit iNput devices Computer systems use many devices for input purpose. Some input devices allow direct human/machine communication, while some require data to be recorded on an input medium first Devices that read data magnetically recorded are popular. Direct input devices include touch screen The heart of any computer system is the central processing unit(CPU). There are two main sections found in the CPU of a typical personal computer system the arithmetic-logic section · the control sectio These sections are found in CPUs of all sizes (3)Output devices Like input devices, output devices are instruments of interpretation and communication etween humans and computer systems. These devices convert output results from the Cpu into a form that can be used by people In personal computer systems, display screen and desktop printers are popular output devices. The input/output devices are sometimes called peripheral devices. Because these devices are not a part of the Cpu, they are often located near it 参考译文 计算机系统的组织结构 在让我们来看一下计算机的定义:计算机是一种快速、精确的系统,这一系统用于接收 存储、处理数据,并可以产生输出结果。本节将要说明为什么计算机是一个系统以及计算机 系统是如何组成的。 计算机系统的主要部件包括存储器、输入设备、中央处理器和输出设备。 1)输入设备 计算机系统使用多种输入设备。一些输入设备可直接进行人机通信,而另一些则要求首
Unit 4 the Fundamentals of Computer Hardware Text 1 Organization of Computer System Components Now let's look at our computer definition: A computer is a fast and accurate system. It is organized to accept, store, and process data and produce output results. This section will explain why a computer is a system and how a computer system is organized. Key elements in a computer system include memory, input devices, central processing unit and output devices. (1) Input devices Computer systems use many devices for input purpose. Some input devices allow direct human / machine communication, while some require data to be recorded on an input medium first. Devices that read data magnetically recorded are popular. Direct input devices include: • keyboard • mouse • input pen • touch screen • microphone (2) Central processing unit The heart of any computer system is the central processing unit (CPU). There are two main sections found in the CPU of a typical personal computer system: • the arithmetic-logic section • the control section These sections are found in CPUs of all sizes. (3) Output devices Like input devices, output devices are instruments of interpretation and communication between humans and computer systems. These devices convert output results from the CPU into a form that can be used by people. In personal computer systems, display screen and desktop printers are popular output devices. The input/output devices are sometimes called peripheral devices. Because these devices are not a part of the CPU, they are often located near it. 参考译文 计算机系统的组织结构 在让我们来看一下计算机的定义：计算机是一种快速、精确的系统，这一系统用于接收、 存储、处理数据，并可以产生输出结果。本节将要说明为什么计算机是一个系统以及计算机 系统是如何组成的。 计算机系统的主要部件包括存储器、输入设备、中央处理器和输出设备。 (1) 输入设备 计算机系统使用多种输入设备。一些输入设备可直接进行人机通信，而另一些则要求首
先把数据记录在输入介质上。常用的是读取以磁化方式记录数据的输入设备。直接输入设备 包括 键盘 输入笔 触摸屏 麦克风 (2)中央处理器 中央处理器(CPU)是任何计算机系统的核心。一台典型的个人计算机系统的CPU由 两部分组成: 算术/逻辑部分 ·控制部分 各种规模计算机的CPU都包括这两部分。 (3)输出设备 与输入设备类似,输出设备也是人与计算机系统之间实现解释和通信的设备。输出设备 从CPU中取出输出结果,然后将其转换成人们可读的形式。在个人计算机系统中,常用的 输出设备是显示器和台式打印机。有时也将这些输入/输出设备称为外围设备,因为这些设 备不是CPU的一部分,它们往往位于CPU附近 Text 2 CPU The processor is often called the central processing unit(CPU)or main processor. It is the component that processes or manipulates data. A processor can do nothing without a program to provide control. Whatever intelligence a computer has is derived from software, not hardware The processor manipulates data stored in main memory under the control of a program stored in main memory. A processor is composed of two functional units(a control unit, an arithmetic/logic unit) and a set of special workspaces called registers (1) The control unit The control unit is responsible for supervising the operation of the entir uter system The control unit fetches instructions from memory and determines their type or decodes them. It breaks each instruction into a series of simple small steps or actions. By doing this, it controls the by-step operation of the entire computer system (2) The arithmetic/logic unit The arithmetic/logic unit(ALU) is the functional unit. It provides the computer with logical and computational capabilities. Data are brought into the alu by the control unit. The ALU performs whatever arithmetic or logic operations are required to help carry out the instruction Arithmetic operations include subtracting multiplying (3)Regi A register is a storage location inside the processor. Registers in the control unit are used to keep track of the overall status of the running program Control unit registers store infor the current instruction
先把数据记录在输入介质上。常用的是读取以磁化方式记录数据的输入设备。直接输入设备 包括： 键盘 鼠标 输入笔 触摸屏 麦克风 (2) 中央处理器 中央处理器（CPU）是任何计算机系统的核心。一台典型的个人计算机系统的 CPU 由 两部分组成： 算术／逻辑部分 控制部分 各种规模计算机的 CPU 都包括这两部分。 (3) 输出设备 与输入设备类似，输出设备也是人与计算机系统之间实现解释和通信的设备。输出设备 从 CPU 中取出输出结果，然后将其转换成人们可读的形式。在个人计算机系统中，常用的 输出设备是显示器和台式打印机。有时也将这些输入/输出设备称为外围设备，因为这些设 备不是 CPU 的一部分，它们往往位于 CPU 附近。 Text 2 CPU The processor is often called the central processing unit (CPU) or main processor. It is the component that processes or manipulates data. A processor can do nothing without a program to provide control. Whatever intelligence a computer has is derived from software, not hardware. The processor manipulates data stored in main memory under the control of a program stored in main memory. A processor is composed of two functional units (a control unit, an arithmetic/logic unit) and a set of special workspaces called registers. (1) The control unit The control unit is responsible for supervising the operation of the entire computer system. The control unit fetches instructions from memory and determines their type or decodes them. It breaks each instruction into a series of simple small steps or actions. By doing this, it controls the step-by-step operation of the entire computer system. (2) The arithmetic/logic unit The arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) is the functional unit. It provides the computer with logical and computational capabilities. Data are brought into the ALU by the control unit. The ALU performs whatever arithmetic or logic operations are required to help carry out the instruction. Arithmetic operations include: adding subtracting multiplying dividing (3) Registers A register is a storage location inside the processor. Registers in the control unit are used to keep track of the overall status of the running program. Control unit registers store information such as: • the current instruction
the location of the next instruction to be executed . the operands of the instruction In the alU, registers store data items that are added, subtracted, multiplied, divided, and compared. Other registers store the results of arithmetic and logic operations 参考译文 CPU 处理器经常被称为CPU或主处理器。它是处理和操作数据的部件。如果没有程序的控 制,处理器不能做任何工作。计算机的智能都是源于软件而不是硬件。处理器可以在存储在 主存中的程序的控制下操纵存储在主存中的数据。处理器由两个功能部件(控制部件和算术 /逻辑部件)和一组被称作寄存器的特殊工作空间组成。 1)控制部件 控制部件是负责监控整个计算机系统操作的功能部件。控制部件从存储器中取出指令, 并确定其类型或对其进行译码,然后将每条指令分解成一系列简单的、很小的步骤或动作 这样,它就控制了整个计算机系统的每步操作 (2)算术/逻辑部件 算术/逻辑部件(ALU)是为计算机提供逻辑及计算功能的部件。控制部件将数据送 到算术/逻辑部件中,然后由算术/逻辑部件完成执行指令所需的算术或逻辑操作。算术」 算包括加、减、乘、除 (3)寄存器 寄存器是处理器内部的存储单元。控制部件中的寄存器用来跟踪正在运行的程序的总体 状态,它存储的信息包括 ·当前指令 下一条将要执行的指令地址 当前指令的操作数 在算术/逻辑部件中,寄存器存放要进行加、减、乘、除及比较的数据项,而其他寄存 器则存放算术运算及逻辑运算的结果 Text 3 Motherboard Almost everyone knows that the motherboard is the most important component of the computer. Every other component, at some point, connects to the motherboard. Also, the motherboard controls what you can and cannot put into your computer later on down the road A lot of people don' t consider where everything is placed on the motherboard, but it is important. Is there a big capacitor right near the CPU slot, blocking where your CPU fan will go? Is there a bunch of crap that will block your full-length PCI card from fitting? You need to know oughly what you will be plugging into this board and know if anything will get in the way If we had our way, we'd have a motherboard with 20 PCI slots so we can run everything in the world. But, this doesnt exist. So, you need to pay attention to how many PCI slots a motherboard has. For most the standard 4 or 5 PCI slots will be fine. But, if you want to stick some nice stuff in, you'll soon run out. Look at all the stuff you can get: NICs, dual Voodoo cards in SLI mode, SCSI controller, MPEG decoder. You can easily fill your slots Todays motherboards are a lot different than the one's in the 486 days. If you are used to these older systems, you need to get up to speed with the latest boards. Where you needed an IDE
• the location of the next instruction to be executed • the operands of the instruction In the ALU, registers store data items that are added, subtracted, multiplied, divided, and compared. Other registers store the results of arithmetic and logic operations. 参考译文 CPU 处理器经常被称为 CPU 或主处理器。它是处理和操作数据的部件。如果没有程序的控 制，处理器不能做任何工作。计算机的智能都是源于软件而不是硬件。处理器可以在存储在 主存中的程序的控制下操纵存储在主存中的数据。处理器由两个功能部件（控制部件和算术 ／逻辑部件）和一组被称作寄存器的特殊工作空间组成。 (1) 控制部件 控制部件是负责监控整个计算机系统操作的功能部件。控制部件从存储器中取出指令， 并确定其类型或对其进行译码，然后将每条指令分解成一系列简单的、很小的步骤或动作。 这样，它就控制了整个计算机系统的每步操作。 (2) 算术／逻辑部件 算术／逻辑部件（ALU）是为计算机提供逻辑及计算功能的部件。控制部件将数据送 到算术／逻辑部件中，然后由算术／逻辑部件完成执行指令所需的算术或逻辑操作。算术运 算包括加、减、乘、除。 (3) 寄存器 寄存器是处理器内部的存储单元。控制部件中的寄存器用来跟踪正在运行的程序的总体 状态，它存储的信息包括： 当前指令 下一条将要执行的指令地址 当前指令的操作数 在算术／逻辑部件中，寄存器存放要进行加、减、乘、除及比较的数据项，而其他寄存 器则存放算术运算及逻辑运算的结果。 Text 3 Motherboard Almost everyone knows that the motherboard is the most important component of the computer. Every other component, at some point, connects to the motherboard. Also, the motherboard controls what you can and cannot put into your computer later on down the road. A lot of people don’t consider where everything is placed on the motherboard, but it is important. Is there a big capacitor right near the CPU slot, blocking where your CPU fan will go? Is there a bunch of crap that will block your full-length PCI card from fitting? You need to know roughly what you will be plugging into this board and know if anything will get in the way. If we had our way, we’d have a motherboard with 20 PCI slots so we can run everything in the world. But, this doesn’t exist. So, you need to pay attention to how many PCI slots a motherboard has. For most the standard 4 or 5 PCI slots will be fine. But, if you want to stick some nice stuff in, you’ll soon run out. Look at all the stuff you can get: NICs, dual Voodoo cards in SLI mode, SCSI controller, MPEG decoder. You can easily fill your slots. Today’s motherboards are a lot different than the one’s in the 486 days. If you are used to these older systems, you need to get up to speed with the latest boards. Where you needed an IDE
controller card the connectors are now built right on Where USB was optional, now every board has it. Some boards go all the way, offering built on SCSI controllers, 10/100 Ethernet support, on board video and sound, etc. Buying a motherboard is a trade-off. You need to know what you want and then pick that board which has the best combination of gizmos for you Make sure to look at the manual for your board and make sure you can understand it. Most well-known brands have decent manuals. Asus, Abit, FIC, Tyan, and other good ones come with nice manuals. 10 Another thing to keep in mind is that the better known manufacturers often have nice web sites, and you can sometimes get support info there, too 参考译文 主板 几乎每个人都知道主板是计算机中最重要的部件,其他每个部件都在某一点上与它相 连,而且主板决定着以后你的计算机能否添加某种新设备。 很多人并不在意主板上的每件东西都安放在什么位置,但是这确实很重要。CPU插槽 附近是否有一个大的电容器挡住了CPU风扇?是否有一堆废物挡住了全尺寸PCI卡的安 装?你应该大体上知道要在主板上安装什么设备并且清楚为什么会妨碍你的工作。 如果能够随意选择的话,我们会选择有20个PCI插槽的主板,这样就无所不能了。但 是,这样的主板并不存在,因此你应该留意一个主板到底有多少个PCI插槽。对于大多数 设备来说,标准的4~5个PCⅠ插槽就可以了。但如果想再加些好东西,这些插槽很快就会 被用光。看看这些能够买到的东西吧——网卡、SLⅠ模式的双芯片巫毒图形卡、SCSI控制 卡、MPEG解码卡。它们能轻易地占满所有的插槽。 现在的主板与486时代的主板有很多不同。如果习惯了这些比较老的系统,你需要更新 观念,尝试使用最新的主板。486时代你需要购买IDE控制器,而现在它就安装在主板上 486时代是否购买USB接口是可以选择的,而现在每个主板上都有USB接口。一些主板功 能强而全,还提供了SCSI控制卡、10/100以太网支持和板载显卡、声卡等。购买主板是 种折中方案。你应该清楚地知道你需要什么,然后选择能实现最佳配置的那一块。 相信我,如果事先没考虑清楚就买了不带详细使用手册的主板,你肯定会后悔。购买主 板之前一定要看看手册,确保你能够看懂。大多数有名的主板都有正规的说明书,像 asus, Abit,Fl,yan等公司的使用手册就很精致。另外一个要记在心中的就是有名的厂商通常都 有不错的网站,有时候你可以在那里获得相关的技术支持。 Text 4 Storage Ce. The purpose of storage in a computer is to hold data or information and get that data to the quickly as possible. Computers use disks for storage: hard disks that are located inside the computer, and floppy or compact disks that are used externally (1)Hard disks Your computer uses two types of memory primary memory secondary memory Primary memory which is stored on chips located on the motherboard. Secondary memory that is stored in the hard drive. Primary memory holds all of the essential memory that tells your computer how to be a computer. Secondary memory holds the information that you store in the
controller card the connectors are now built right on. Where USB was optional, now every board has it. Some boards go all the way, offering built on SCSI controllers, 10/100 Ethernet support, on board video and sound, etc. Buying a motherboard is a trade-off. You need to know what you want and then pick that board which has the best combination of gizmos for you. Believe me, you’ll regret it if you don’t think ahead and get a board with a good manual. Make sure to look at the manual for your board and make sure you can understand it. Most well-known brands have decent manuals. Asus, Abit, FIC, Tyan, and other good ones come with nice manuals.[10] Another thing to keep in mind is that the better known manufacturers often have nice web sites, and you can sometimes get support info there, too. 参考译文 主板 几乎每个人都知道主板是计算机中最重要的部件，其他每个部件都在某一点上与它相 连，而且主板决定着以后你的计算机能否添加某种新设备。 很多人并不在意主板上的每件东西都安放在什么位置，但是这确实很重要。CPU 插槽 附近是否有一个大的电容器挡住了 CPU 风扇？是否有一堆废物挡住了全尺寸 PCI 卡的安 装？你应该大体上知道要在主板上安装什么设备并且清楚为什么会妨碍你的工作。 如果能够随意选择的话，我们会选择有 20 个 PCI 插槽的主板，这样就无所不能了。但 是，这样的主板并不存在，因此你应该留意一个主板到底有多少个 PCI 插槽。对于大多数 设备来说，标准的 4～5 个 PCI 插槽就可以了。但如果想再加些好东西，这些插槽很快就会 被用光。看看这些能够买到的东西吧——网卡、SLI 模式的双芯片巫毒图形卡、SCSI 控制 卡、MPEG 解码卡。它们能轻易地占满所有的插槽。 现在的主板与 486 时代的主板有很多不同。如果习惯了这些比较老的系统，你需要更新 观念，尝试使用最新的主板。486 时代你需要购买 IDE 控制器，而现在它就安装在主板上； 486 时代是否购买 USB 接口是可以选择的，而现在每个主板上都有 USB 接口。一些主板功 能强而全，还提供了 SCSI 控制卡、10/100 以太网支持和板载显卡、声卡等。购买主板是一 种折中方案。你应该清楚地知道你需要什么，然后选择能实现最佳配置的那一块。 相信我，如果事先没考虑清楚就买了不带详细使用手册的主板，你肯定会后悔。购买主 板之前一定要看看手册，确保你能够看懂。大多数有名的主板都有正规的说明书，像 Asus， Abit，FIC，yan 等公司的使用手册就很精致。另外一个要记在心中的就是有名的厂商通常都 有不错的网站，有时候你可以在那里获得相关的技术支持。 Text 4 Storage The purpose of storage in a computer is to hold data or information and get that data to the CPU as quickly as possible. Computers use disks for storage: hard disks that are located inside the computer, and floppy or compact disks that are used externally. (1) Hard disks Your computer uses two types of memory: • primary memory • secondary memory Primary memory which is stored on chips located on the motherboard. Secondary memory that is stored in the hard drive. Primary memory holds all of the essential memory that tells your computer how to be a computer. Secondary memory holds the information that you store in the
computer. Inside the hard disk drive case you will find circular disks that are made from polished steel On the disks, there are many tracks or cylinders. Within the hard drive, an electronic reading/writing device called the head passes back and forth over the cylinders, reading information from the disk or writing information to it Hard drives spin at 3 600 or more rpm (revolutions per minute), that means that in one minute, the hard drive spins around over 3 600 times (2) Floppy disks When you look at a floppy disk, you'll see a plastic case that measures 3. 5 by 5 inches. There is a very thin piece of plastic inside that case. This disk is much like the tape inside a video or audio cassette. At one end of it is a small metal cover with a rectangular hole in it that cover can be moved aside to show the flexible disk inside. but never touch the inner disk! You could damage the data that is stored on it. On one side of the floppy disk is a place for a label. On the other side is a silver circle with two holes in it when the disk is inserted into the disk drive. the drive hooks into those holes to spin the circle. This causes the disk inside to spin at about 300 rpm! Floppy disks are the smallest type of storage, holding only 1. 44MB (3)Compact disks CDs are used to store information Inside the Cd-Rom is a laser that reflects light off of the surface of the disk to an electric eye. The pattern of reflected light(pit) and no reflected light(land) creates a code that represents data CDs usually store about 650MB. This is quite a bit more than the 1. 44MB that a floppy disk stores. A dVd holds even more information than a cd. because the dvd can store information on two levels, in smaller pits or sometimes on both sides. 参考译文 存储器 计算机中存储器的作用就是保存数据和信息,还要尽可能快地给CPU提供这些数据 计算机使用磁盘来存储:硬盘位于计算机里面,软盘和光盘是在外部使用的。 1)硬盘 你的计算机使用两种类型的存储器: 主存 辅存 主存是存储在位于主板上的芯片上,辅存则存储在硬盘上。主存存储了所有本质的信息, 这些信息将告诉你的计算机如何成为一个计算机。辅存存储你保留在计算机上的信息 在硬盘驱动器盒里,你可以看到由抛光了的钢铁做成的圆盘。在磁盘上,有很多的轨迹 或圆柱。在硬盘里面有一个电子读写装置,叫做磁头,它可以从硬盘读出信息也可以向硬盘 写信息。硬盘以3600转/分钟或更高的速度旋转,就是说,在一分钟内,硬盘驱动器旋转 了超过3600圈。 (2)软盘 如果你看看软盘,会看到一个3.5或者5英寸的塑料盒,在里面有一片非常薄的塑料 这个盘非常像录像带或磁带中的带子,在边上有一个小的金属盖子,上面有一个矩形的洞
computer. Inside the hard disk drive case you will find circular disks that are made from polished steel. On the disks, there are many tracks or cylinders. Within the hard drive, an electronic reading/writing device called the head passes back and forth over the cylinders, reading information from the disk or writing information to it. Hard drives spin at 3 600 or more rpm (revolutions per minute), that means that in one minute, the hard drive spins around over 3 600 times. (2) Floppy disks When you look at a floppy disk, you'll see a plastic case that measures 3.5 by 5 inches. There is a very thin piece of plastic inside that case. This disk is much like the tape inside a video or audio cassette. At one end of it is a small metal cover with a rectangular hole in it. That cover can be moved aside to show the flexible disk inside. But never touch the inner disk! You could damage the data that is stored on it. On one side of the floppy disk is a place for a label. On the other side is a silver circle with two holes in it. When the disk is inserted into the disk drive, the drive hooks into those holes to spin the circle. This causes the disk inside to spin at about 300 rpm! Floppy disks are the smallest type of storage, holding only 1.44MB. (3) Compact disks CDs are used to store information. Inside the CD-ROM is a laser that reflects light off of the surface of the disk to an electric eye. The pattern of reflected light (pit) and no reflected light (land) creates a code that represents data. CDs usually store about 650MB. This is quite a bit more than the 1.44MB that a floppy disk stores. A DVD holds even more information than a CD, because the DVD can store information on two levels, in smaller pits or sometimes on both sides. 参考译文 存储器 计算机中存储器的作用就是保存数据和信息，还要尽可能快地给 CPU 提供这些数据。 计算机使用磁盘来存储：硬盘位于计算机里面，软盘和光盘是在外部使用的。 (1) 硬盘 你的计算机使用两种类型的存储器： • 主存 • 辅存 主存是存储在位于主板上的芯片上，辅存则存储在硬盘上。主存存储了所有本质的信息， 这些信息将告诉你的计算机如何成为一个计算机。辅存存储你保留在计算机上的信息。 在硬盘驱动器盒里，你可以看到由抛光了的钢铁做成的圆盘。在磁盘上，有很多的轨迹 或圆柱。在硬盘里面有一个电子读写装置，叫做磁头，它可以从硬盘读出信息也可以向硬盘 写信息。硬盘以 3 600 转／分钟或更高的速度旋转，就是说，在一分钟内，硬盘驱动器旋转 了超过 3 600 圈。 (2) 软盘 如果你看看软盘，会看到一个 3.5 或者 5 英寸的塑料盒，在里面有一片非常薄的塑料。 这个盘非常像录像带或磁带中的带子，在边上有一个小的金属盖子，上面有一个矩形的洞
把这个盖子移到一边可以看到里面柔软的盘。但是不要碰里面的盘!你可能会损坏存储在上 面的数据。软盘的一面可以贴上标签,另一面是一个银色的圆盘,上面有两个洞。当软盘被 插入软驱的时候,软驱就会钩住那些洞来旋转里面的盘。软盘旋转的速度是300转/分钟! 软盘是容量很小的存储介质,它只能存储144MB (3)光盘 CD是用来存储信息的。在光驱里面有激光来反射光盘表面的光到一个电子眼上。根据 有没有反射光就可以产生描述数据的代码。 CD通常可以存储650MB的信息。这比144MB的软盘存储量大多了。DVD能够存储 比CD更多的信息,因为DⅤD可以用更小的点存储,有时还可以在两面都存储数据
把这个盖子移到一边可以看到里面柔软的盘。但是不要碰里面的盘！你可能会损坏存储在上 面的数据。软盘的一面可以贴上标签，另一面是一个银色的圆盘，上面有两个洞。当软盘被 插入软驱的时候，软驱就会钩住那些洞来旋转里面的盘。软盘旋转的速度是 300 转／分钟！ 软盘是容量很小的存储介质，它只能存储 1.44MB。 (3) 光盘 CD 是用来存储信息的。在光驱里面有激光来反射光盘表面的光到一个电子眼上。根据 有没有反射光就可以产生描述数据的代码。 CD 通常可以存储 650MB 的信息。这比 1.44MB 的软盘存储量大多了。DVD 能够存储 比 CD 更多的信息，因为 DVD 可以用更小的点存储，有时还可以在两面都存储数据