Syllabus forHistology&EmbryologySchool of Medicine,Yangzou UniversityTeaching SemesterThe 2nd SemesterStudentsSophomore (Six-year foreign student of Clinical Medicine)CreditsFive creditsCredit Hours96 hoursLecture Hours64 hoursLab Hours32 hoursSketchHistology & Embryology is composed of two related sciences. Histology focuseson microstructures of the human body and their related functions, and is divided intogeneral histology that studies the cell and intracellular matrix of the 4 basic types oftissue, and special histology that studies how the tissues constitute the organs invarious systems.While Embryology mainly concerns the developmental processesand mechanism of a human being, and is divided into general embryology that studiesthe formations and development of germ cells, fertilization and early development ofhuman embryo,and special embryology that studies theformation and malformationsof different organs. The teaching program of Histology & Embryology includeslectures and laboratory practices. The fast-developing Histology & Embryology is amain and fundamental course for different specialty of medicine,and makesthestudents to know the basic theory, knowledge and techniques, and acquire the ability1
1 Syllabus for Histology & Embryology School of Medicine, Yangzou University Teaching Semester The 2nd Semester Students Sophomore (Six-year foreign student of Clinical Medicine) Credits Five credits Credit Hours 96 hours Lecture Hours 64 hours Lab Hours 32 hours Sketch Histology & Embryology is composed of two related sciences. Histology focuses on microstructures of the human body and their related functions, and is divided into general histology that studies the cell and intracellular matrix of the 4 basic types of tissue, and special histology that studies how the tissues constitute the organs in various systems. While Embryology mainly concerns the developmental processes and mechanism of a human being, and is divided into general embryology that studies the formations and development of germ cells, fertilization and early development of human embryo, and special embryology that studies the formation and malformations of different organs. The teaching program of Histology & Embryology includes lectures and laboratory practices. The fast-developing Histology & Embryology is a main and fundamental course for different specialty of medicine, and makes the students to know the basic theory, knowledge and techniques, and acquire the ability
to analyzeand solveproblems infurther studies in othermedical courses and clinicmanagement.Teaching Modes1.PPT presentation2.Lab practice3. Online Platform (http://zzptx.yzuyxy.cn/en/)ExaminationModes1. Quizzes in class2. Final examinationTextbookThe Textbook of Histology and Embryology (Jicheng Li)Reference BooksI.Junqueira's Basic Histology:Text and Atlas, 13e (Anthony Mescher)2. Langman's Medical Embryology (Thomas W. Sadler)TeachingContentsandAllocationofCreditHoursUnitLecturePractice224Histology and Its Methods of Study42Epithelium314Connective tissue32Cartilage and bone31Bloodand Hematopoiesis32Muscular tissue441.5Nervous tissue20.5Skin224Circulatory system24Immunesystem424Endocrine system2
2 to analyze and solve problems in further studies in other medical courses and clinic management. Teaching Modes 1. PPT presentation 2. Lab practice 3. Online Platform (http://zzptx.yzuyxy.cn/en/) Examination Modes 1. Quizzes in class 2. Final examination Textbook The Textbook of Histology and Embryology (Jicheng Li) Reference Books 1. Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text and Atlas, 13e (Anthony Mescher) 2. Langman's Medical Embryology (Thomas W. Sadler) Teaching Contents and Allocation of Credit Hours Unit Lecture Practice Histology and Its Methods of Study 2 2 4 Epithelium 4 2 Connective tissue 3 1 4 Cartilage and bone 3 2 Blood and Hematopoiesis 3 1 Muscular tissue 3 2 Nervous tissue 4 1.5 4 Skin 2 0.5 Circulatory system 2 2 4 Immune system 4 2 Endocrine system 4 2 4
32Digestive tract324Digestive glands32Respiratorysystem314Urinary system31Male reproductive system32Female reproductive system4General embryology(Review and exam)42The Development of head, neck,andlimbs2The Development of the Digestive andRespiratory System2The Development of theUrogenitalSystem2The Developmentof theCardiovascularSystem64Total32m
3 Digestive tract 3 2 Digestive glands 3 2 4 Respiratory system 3 2 Urinary system 3 1 4 Male reproductive system 3 1 Female reproductive system 3 2 General embryology 4 (Review and exam) The Development of head, neck, and 4 limbs 2 The Development of the Digestive and Respiratory System 2 The Development of the Urogenital System 2 The Development of the Cardiovascular System 2 Total 64 32
Unit 1 Introduction to Histology (2h)Objectives1,Tomaster:Definition of Histology & Embryology,Hematoxylin and Eosin (H.E)staining method; basophilia and acidophilia; The resolution power of light andelectron microscopes; Length units (um, nm, A).2. To know: The progress and the research methods of histology; The observingmethods for living cells, histochemistry, cytochemistry and ultrastructure etc.Teaching contents1.Definition and contents of histology and embryology2.Relationship of histology and embryology to other medical courses3. Studying methoda.Lightmicroscopy:paraffin sectioning and H& E stainingb.Electronmicroscopyc. Histochemistry and cytochemistry: PAS reactiond.ImmunocytochemistryUnit2Epithelial Tissue (4h)Objectives1. To master: The structural characteristics, distribution and function of the epithelium,The structure, function and distribution of simple squamous epithelium (includingendothelium and mesothelium), simple cuboidal epithelium, simple columnarepithelium,pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium, stratified squamousepithelium and transitional epithelium; The specializations of the epithelium: thespecializations of the free surface (cilia and microvilli), lateral surface (junctionalcomplex); The structure of basal surface(basement membrane).Concept of theglandular epithelium and gland; Structural characteristics of the endocrine glandand exocrine gland.2. To know: Intercellular junctions (tight junction, desmosome, intermediate junctionand gap junction, The regeneration of the epithelium.4
4 Unit 1 Introduction to Histology (2h) Objectives 1. To master: Definition of Histology & Embryology; Hematoxylin and Eosin (H.E) staining method; basophilia and acidophilia; The resolution power of light and electron microscopes; Length units (um, nm, A). 2. To know: The progress and the research methods of histology; The observing methods for living cells, histochemistry, cytochemistry and ultrastructure etc. Teaching contents 1. Definition and contents of histology and embryology 2. Relationship of histology and embryology to other medical courses 3. Studying method a. Light microscopy: paraffin sectioning and H & E staining b. Electron microscopy c. Histochemistry and cytochemistry: PAS reaction d. Immunocytochemistry Unit 2 Epithelial Tissue (4h) Objectives 1. To master: The structural characteristics, distribution and function of the epithelium; The structure, function and distribution of simple squamous epithelium (including endothelium and mesothelium), simple cuboidal epithelium, simple columnar epithelium, pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium, stratified squamous epithelium and transitional epithelium; The specializations of the epithelium: the specializations of the free surface (cilia and microvilli), lateral surface (junctional complex); The structure of basal surface(basement membrane). Concept of the glandular epithelium and gland; Structural characteristics of the endocrine gland and exocrine gland. 2. To know: Intercellular junctions (tight junction, desmosome, intermediate junction and gap junction; The regeneration of the epithelium
Teaching contents1. Classification and general features of the epithelial tissues2. Covering epithelia: type, distribution, and function3.Epithelial specializationsa. Free surface: microvilli, ciliab. Lateral surface: cell junctionsc.Basal surface:basement membrane, plasma membrane infolding,hemidesmosome.4. Glandular epithelia and glands5.Renewal ofepitheliaUnit 3ConnectiveTissue (3h)Objectives1, To master: The structural characteristics and classification of the connective tissue.Concept of mesenchyme;The structural characteristic and function of looseconnective tissue; The chemical constituents, morphological structure andfunction of 3 fiber types (collagenous, elastic and reticular fibers); The chemicalconstituents and characteristics of the matrix of intercellular substance:Thestructure and function of several main cell types in connective tissue (fibroblastmacrophage, plasma cell, mast cell, fat cell and mesenchymal cell)2.To know:The structural characteristics and function of dense connective tissue,adipose tissue, reticular tissue and the tissue fluid.Teaching contents1. Classification and general characteristics of connective tissue2. Loose connective tissuea. Cells: structures and functions of fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, mastcells; fat cells, mesenchymal cells and leukocytes.b.Fibers:morphology and function of collagenousfibers, elastic fibers, andreticular fibers.5
5 Teaching contents 1. Classification and general features of the epithelial tissues 2. Covering epithelia: type, distribution, and function 3. Epithelial specializations a. Free surface: microvilli, cilia b. Lateral surface: cell junctions c. Basal surface: basement membrane, plasma membrane infolding, hemidesmosome. 4. Glandular epithelia and glands 5. Renewal of epithelia Unit 3 Connective Tissue (3h) Objectives 1. To master: The structural characteristics and classification of the connective tissue. Concept of mesenchyme; The structural characteristic and function of loose connective tissue; The chemical constituents, morphological structure and function of 3 fiber types (collagenous, elastic and reticular fibers); The chemical constituents and characteristics of the matrix of intercellular substance; The structure and function of several main cell types in connective tissue (fibroblast, macrophage, plasma cell, mast cell, fat cell and mesenchymal cell). 2. To know: The structural characteristics and function of dense connective tissue, adipose tissue, reticular tissue and the tissue fluid. Teaching contents 1. Classification and general characteristics of connective tissue 2. Loose connective tissue a. Cells: structures and functions of fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells; fat cells, mesenchymal cells and leukocytes. b. Fibers: morphology and function of collagenous fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers
c.Ground substance: chemical composition, molecular sieve3.Dense connective tissue,adipose tissue, and reticular tissueUnit 4 Cartilage and Bone (3h)Objectives1.To master: The structural feature and classification of cartilage; The compositionand structure of the osseous tissue; The structure of cancellous (spongy) bone andcompact bone; The structure and function of the periosteum and endosteum.2.To know:The generating condition of the bone formation; Two modes ofosteogenesis (intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification)Teachingcontents1. Classification and general characteristics of cartilage.2. Hyaline cartilage: structure and distribution; perichondrium, growth3.Elasticcartilageandfibrocartilage4. Structure of the bone tissue: cells (osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts); bonelamellae5.Structure of the long bone:compact bone (circumferential lamellae, osteonsinterstitial lamellae), spongy bone, periosteum and endosteum; bone formationUnit5Blood and Hematopoiesis (3h)Objectives1. To master: The composition of the blood; The classification, structure and functionof peripheral blood cells including erythrocyte, leukocyte and thrombocyte orplatelet, The characteristics of morphology and normal value of reticulocyte2. To know: Histological structure and function of red bone marrow, The features ofhematopoietic stem cell; Rules of morphologic changes of blood cells and plateletin hemopoiesis.Teaching contents6
6 c. Ground substance: chemical composition, molecular sieve 3. Dense connective tissue, adipose tissue, and reticular tissue Unit 4 Cartilage and Bone (3h) Objectives 1. To master: The structural feature and classification of cartilage; The composition and structure of the osseous tissue; The structure of cancellous (spongy) bone and compact bone; The structure and function of the periosteum and endosteum. 2. To know: The generating condition of the bone formation; Two modes of osteogenesis (intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification). Teaching contents 1. Classification and general characteristics of cartilage. 2. Hyaline cartilage: structure and distribution; perichondrium; growth 3. Elastic cartilage and fibrocartilage 4. Structure of the bone tissue: cells (osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts); bone lamellae. 5. Structure of the long bone: compact bone (circumferential lamellae, osteons, interstitial lamellae), spongy bone, periosteum and endosteum; bone formation. Unit 5 Blood and Hematopoiesis (3h) Objectives 1. To master: The composition of the blood; The classification, structure and function of peripheral blood cells including erythrocyte, leukocyte and thrombocyte or platelet; The characteristics of morphology and normal value of reticulocyte. 2. To know: Histological structure and function of red bone marrow; The features of hematopoietic stem cell; Rules of morphologic changes of blood cells and platelet in hemopoiesis. Teaching contents
1.The composition of theblooda. Conception of plasma, serum and the formed elements of bloodb. The classification and normal value of the formed elements2.Red blood cella. The form, size and structure of red blood cell, the normal value and function ofHb.b. The characteristics of morphology and normal value of reticulocyte3.White blood cella. The classification and normal value of white blood cellb. The morphologic structure and function of 3granulocyte types, lymphocyte andmonocyte.4. The morphologic structure, function and normal value of platelets5.Hemapoiesisa. Hemapoietic stem cell and hemapoietic organb.Bonemarrowc.Rules of morphologic changes of blood cellsandplatelet inhemapoiesisUnit 6 Muscle tissue (3h)Objectives1.Tomaster:Thestructural characteristic,function and classificationofmuscletissue;The form and structure of skeletal muscle fiber, striation and sarcomere; Thestructural characteristic of myofibril (types of myofilament), transverse tubule andsarcoplasmic reticulum and their relationship with the muscle contraction; Thestructural characteristic of cardiac and the intercalated discs.2. To know: The molecular structure and contraction mechanism of skeletal muscle;The structural characteristics of smooth muscleTeaching contents1.General features and classification of the muscular tissue2. Skeletal muscle7
7 1. The composition of the blood a. Conception of plasma, serum and the formed elements of blood b. The classification and normal value of the formed elements 2. Red blood cell a. The form, size and structure of red blood cell, the normal value and function of Hb. b. The characteristics of morphology and normal value of reticulocyte 3. White blood cell a. The classification and normal value of white blood cell b. The morphologic structure and function of 3granulocyte types, lymphocyte and monocyte. 4. The morphologic structure, function and normal value of platelets 5. Hemapoiesis a. Hemapoietic stem cell and hemapoietic organ b. Bone marrow c. Rules of morphologic changes of blood cells and platelet in hemapoiesis Unit 6 Muscle tissue (3h) Objectives 1. To master: The structural characteristic, function and classification of muscle tissue; The form and structure of skeletal muscle fiber; striation and sarcomere; The structural characteristic of myofibril (types of myofilament), transverse tubule and sarcoplasmic reticulum and their relationship with the muscle contraction; The structural characteristic of cardiac and the intercalated discs. 2. To know: The molecular structure and contraction mechanism of skeletal muscle; The structural characteristics of smooth muscle. Teaching contents 1. General features and classification of the muscular tissue 2. Skeletal muscle
a. LM structure: shape, nucleus, cross striation, myofibrilb.EM structure: myofibril, sarcomere, transverse tubule, sarcoplasmic reticulum,triad.c.Mechanism of contraction (sliding filament hypothesis)3. Cardiac muscle: LM and EM structural features4.Smooth muscle:LM andEM structural featuresUnit7Nervous tissue (4h)Objectives1.To master:The components, general structural characteristics and functions ofnervous tissue;The structural features,distribution,classification and function ofneurons;the classification, structure,location and function of synapse,Thestructural features,classification and function of glial cells;The classification andorganization of nerve fibers and nerves; The structural features and classification ofnerves endings.2. To know: Neuronal plasticity and neural stem cells.Teaching contents1. Structural feature, distribution and function of the nervous tissue2. Neurona. Structure:shape, size, nucleus, Perikarya (Nissl bodies, neurofibril),processes(dendrites and axons).b.Classificationc. Synapse: definition, classification, structure and function of the chemical synapse3. Neuroglial cells: structure and function of neuroglial cells in central and peripheralnervoussystem4. Nerve fibers and nervesa. Classificationb. Structure of the myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers in the peripheral andcentral nervous systems.8
8 a. LM structure: shape, nucleus, cross striation, myofibril b. EM structure: myofibril, sarcomere, transverse tubule, sarcoplasmic reticulum, triad. c. Mechanism of contraction (sliding filament hypothesis) 3. Cardiac muscle: LM and EM structural features 4. Smooth muscle: LM and EM structural features Unit 7 Nervous tissue (4h) Objectives 1. To master: The components, general structural characteristics and functions of nervous tissue; The structural features, distribution, classification and function of neurons; the classification, structure, location and function of synapse; The structural features, classification and function of glial cells; The classification and organization of nerve fibers and nerves; The structural features and classification of nerves endings. 2. To know: Neuronal plasticity and neural stem cells. Teaching contents 1. Structural feature, distribution and function of the nervous tissue 2. Neuron a. Structure: shape, size, nucleus, Perikarya (Nissl bodies, neurofibril), processes (dendrites and axons). b. Classification c. Synapse: definition, classification, structure and function of the chemical synapse 3. Neuroglial cells: structure and function of neuroglial cells in central and peripheral nervous system. 4. Nerve fibers and nerves a. Classification b. Structure of the myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers in the peripheral and central nervous systems
c. Structure of the nerves5.Nerve endings:classification,structure and functionUnit 8 Skin (2h)Objectives1.Tomaster:Thestructureandfunctionof the skin,thestructural characteristic andlayer divisions of the epidermis; The structure and function of the threekinds ofnonkeratinocytes; The structure and layer division of dermis2.Toknow:Thesubcutaneoustissue(hypodermis);Thestructureandfunctionof skinappendages (including hairs, sebaceous glands and sweat glands)Teaching contents1.Organization and functions of the skin2.Epidermisa.The structural features of 5 layers of epidermisb. Nonkeratinocytes (melanocytes, Langerhans cells and Merkel's cells)3.Dermisa. Palillary layerb.Reticular layer4.Hypodermis5.Skin appendagesUnit9Circulatory system (2h)Objectives1. To master: The general structure and function of blood vessel; The distribution,classification of capillary and relationship between its structure and function; Thestructural characteristics and functions of large, medium-sized, small arteries andveins; Heart: The structure and function of cardiac Wall and valves2.To know:The structural basis and functional significance of microcirculation; Thestructural characteristics of cardiac conducting system;, The structure and function9
9 c. Structure of the nerves 5. Nerve endings: classification, structure and function Unit 8 Skin (2h) Objectives 1. To master: The structure and function of the skin; the structural characteristic and layer divisions of the epidermis; The structure and function of the three kinds of nonkeratinocytes; The structure and layer division of dermis. 2. To know: The subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis); The structure and function of skin appendages (including hairs, sebaceous glands and sweat glands). Teaching contents 1. Organization and functions of the skin 2. Epidermis a. The structural features of 5 layers of epidermis b. Nonkeratinocytes (melanocytes, Langerhans cells and Merkel’s cells) 3. Dermis a. Palillary layer b. Reticular layer 4. Hypodermis 5. Skin appendages Unit 9 Circulatory system (2h) Objectives 1. To master: The general structure and function of blood vessel; The distribution, classification of capillary and relationship between its structure and function; The structural characteristics and functions of large, medium-sized, small arteries and veins; Heart: The structure and function of cardiac Wall and valves. 2. To know: The structural basis and functional significance of microcirculation; The structural characteristics of cardiac conducting system; The structure and function
oflymphaticvesselTeachingcontents1. Organization and function of the circulatory system2. Capillary: classification, ultrastructure, distribution and function of three types ofcapillaries.3. Artery: structure and function of medium-sized arteries, small and large arteries4.Structural features of the veins5. Heart: structure of the heart wall, components of the conducting system, Purkinjefibers (tractcells)6.MicrovascularsystemandmicrocirculationUnit 10 Immune System (4h)Objectives1.To master:The function, composition and distribution of immune system, Thestructural characteristic, functional significance and modes of lymph tissue; Thestructural characteristics and function of thymus, lymph node and spleen; Thepathway of lymph circulation, The distribution and recirculation of T and Blymphocytes; The features of splenic blood circulation; The concept, componentsand function of mononuclear phagocyte system.2. To know: The classification of lymphoid organ: central lymphoid organs (thymus)and peripheral lymphoid organs (Lymph node, spleen and tonsil); The structure,function and variation with age of the thymus; The structural characteristic of thetonsil.Theconcept of reticulo-endothelial systemTeaching contents1. Organization and function of the immune system2. Classification and immune response of the lymphocytes, mononuclear phagocytesystem.3.Type, structure, distribution and function of the central and peripheral lymphatictissue.10
10 of lymphatic vessel. Teaching contents 1. Organization and function of the circulatory system 2. Capillary: classification, ultrastructure, distribution and function of three types of capillaries. 3. Artery: structure and function of medium-sized arteries, small and large arteries 4. Structural features of the veins 5. Heart: structure of the heart wall, components of the conducting system, Purkinje fibers (tract cells). 6. Microvascular system and microcirculation Unit 10 Immune System (4h) Objectives 1. To master: The function, composition and distribution of immune system; The structural characteristic, functional significance and modes of lymph tissue; The structural characteristics and function of thymus, lymph node and spleen; The pathway of lymph circulation; The distribution and recirculation of T and B lymphocytes; The features of splenic blood circulation; The concept, components and function of mononuclear phagocyte system. 2. To know: The classification of lymphoid organ: central lymphoid organs (thymus) and peripheral lymphoid organs (Lymph node, spleen and tonsil); The structure, function and variation with age of the thymus; The structural characteristic of the tonsil. The concept of reticulo-endothelial system. Teaching contents 1. Organization and function of the immune system 2. Classification and immune response of the lymphocytes, mononuclear phagocyte system. 3. Type, structure, distribution and function of the central and peripheral lymphatic tissue