15.1 Electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions These reactions are of the general type shown below;

1.1 Introduction Organic chemistry is the study of the compounds of carbon 1.3 The structural theory of organic chemistry

Oxidation-reduction and organometallic compounds (氧化-还原和有机金属化合物） 11.1 Introduction Carbonyl (羰基）compounds are a broad group of compounds that includes aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters

1 Ultraviolet Spectroscopy (uv) 紫外光谱----测定有机物中是否存在共轭双键和芳香族化合物 2. Infrared spectroscopy (IR)红外光谱----测定有机物中官能团

17.1 The acidity of the α-hydrogens ofcarbonyl compounds: Enolate ions

（1) Carbon’s ability to form as many as four strong bonds to other carbon atoms and to form strong bonds to hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen and phosphorous. （2) Carbon can make the vast number of different molecules Required for complex living organisms

STRUCTURE AND NOMENCLATURE OF PHENOLS Phenol: Compounds that have a hydroxyl group directly attached to a benzene ring For example:

Lipids are compounds of biological origin that dissolve in nonopoler solvents. Lipids are defined by the physical operation that we use to isolate them

The nucleic acids, deoxyribonucleic (DNA) and ribonucleic (RNA) , are, respectively , the molecules that preserve here￾ditary information and that transcribe and translate it in a way that allows the synthesis of all the varied proteins of the cell 25.2 NUCLEOTIDES AND NUCLEOSIDES

cycloalkanes General formula CnH2n+2 for alkanes C3H8 CH3CH2CH3 Propane General formula CnH2n for cycloalkanes (环烷烃） CnH2n Cyclopropane