一:什么是意志 意志是指自觉地确定目的,并为实现目的而自觉的调节自己的行动,克服各种困难的心理过程

Affiliation: Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg (Professor from 1890; Director from 1902); Military Medical Academy, St. Petersburg Worked on the physiology of circulation and digestion In 1904,he won Nobel Prize for his work on the physiology of digestion

Thorndike called the association between sense impressions and impulses to action a bond or a connection. This marked the first formal attempt to link sensory events to behavior. Earlier brands of associationism attempted to show how ideas became linked together; thus Thorndike's

Anything that can be learned from direct experience can also be learned by indirect or vicarious experience

Development refers to the ways people grow, adapt, and change during their lifetimes. physical development, personality development, socioemotional development, cognitive development(thinking), and language development

The foundation of E.P.: before 1920s Wundt,1879: methodology James, “Talks to the teachers” 1899; “The principles of psychology”1890; Dewey: apply psychology to education

Educational psychology is to give tomorrow' s teachers the intellectual grounding and practical strategies needed to be effective as instructors

1918-1959, worked at Uni. of California. His stay at Uni. of California was interrupted, when he was dismissed for refusing to sign a loyalty oath. He led a fight against the loyalty oath as an infringement （违反，侵害） on academic freedom and was

Wertheimer came to the United States in 1933, shortly before the Nazis seized power in Germany

“Any subject can by taught effectively to any child at any stage of development