Chapter 4 Behavioral learning theories Bandura's Social Learning Theory Anything that can be learned from direct experience can also be learned by indirect or vicarious experience
Chapter 4 Behavioral Learning Theories: Bandura’s Social Learning Theory Anything that can be learned from direct experience can also be learned by indirect or vicarious experience
Bandura's social learning Theory o 4.4.1 Albert bandura: o born on Dec. 4.1925 in Mundare a small town in Alberta. Canada o Received his b.a. from the uni. of British columbia o Obtained his m.a. in 1951 and Ph. D. in 1952. both from the uni of lowa. He did a postdoctoral internship实习医生,医师实习期)at the wichita Guidance Center in 1953 and then joined the faculty at Stanford uni to 1969
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory ⚫ 4.4.1 Albert Bandura: ⚫ born on Dec.4,1925, in Mundare, a small town in Alberta, Canada. ⚫ Received his B.A. from the Uni. of British Columbia. ⚫ Obtained his M.A. in 1951 and Ph.D. in 1952,both from the Uni. of Iowa. He did a postdoctoral internship(实习医生，医师实习期) at the Wichita Guidance Center in 1953 and then joined the faculty at Stanford Uni. to 1969
Bandura's Social Learning Theory o 4.4.1 Albert bandura 1969-1970. he was a fellow at the centre for the advanced study in the behavioral Sciences 01970-now. he is the david starr jordan Professor of social Science in psychology at Stanford uni o 1974, presidency ofPA o The editorial boards of 1/ scholarly journals
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory ⚫ 4.4.1 Albert Bandura: ⚫ 1969-1970,he was a fellow at the centre for the Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. ⚫ 1970-now, he is the David Starr Jordan Professor of Social Science in Psychology at Stanford Uni. ⚫ 1974, presidency of APA. ⚫ The editorial boards of 17 scholarly journals
Bandura's social learning Theory o 4.4.1 Albert bandura: o At the uni. of lowa. his major interest was in clinical psychology. He was interested in clarifying the notions thought to be involved in effective psychotherapy and then empirically testing and refining them. during this time, the book entitled “ Social learning and imitation” by Miller and Dollard greatly influenced him. Their explanation of imitative learning dominated the psychological literature for over two decades o It was Bandura who challenged the idea and expanded the topic into what is now referred to as observational learning." Social foundation of thought and action (1986)
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory ⚫ 4.4.1 Albert Bandura: ⚫ At the Uni. of Iowa, his major interest was in clinical psychology.He was interested in clarifying the notions thought to be involved in effective psychotherapy and then empirically testing and refining them.During this time, the book entitled “Social learning and imitation”by Miller and Dollard greatly influenced him.Their explanation of imitative learning dominated the psychological literature for over two decades. ⚫ It was Bandura who challenged the idea and expanded the topic into what is now referred to as observational learning. “Social foundation of thought and action”(1986)
Bandura's Social Learning Theory o 4.4.2 The earlier explanations of observational learning o Plato and aristotle: a natural tendency for humans to imitate what they see others do. Because observational learning was taken for granted for centuries, little was done about it o Thorndike: first attempted to study observational learning experimentally in 1898. One cat observed the other cat escaped successfully from pure box by trial and error. But when the first cat was in puze box. it cannot solve the problem quickly. o In 1901,he conducted a similar experiment with monkeys, no observational learning took place
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory ⚫ 4.4.2 The earlier explanations of observational learning ⚫ Plato and Aristotle: a natural tendency for humans to imitate what they see others do. Because observational learning was taken for granted for centuries, little was done about it. ⚫ Thorndike: first attempted to study observational learning experimentally in 1898. One cat observed the other cat escaped successfully from puzzle box by trial and error.But when the first cat was in puzzle box, it cannot solve the problem quickly. ⚫ In 1901,he conducted a similar experiment with monkeys, no observational learning took place
Banduras Social Learning Theory o 4.4.2 The earlier explanations of observational learning o 1908, Watson replicated Thorndike's research with monkeys, he too found no evidence for observational learning. "learning can result from direct experience and not from indirect or vicarious experience 杀鸡给猴看?
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory ⚫ 4.4.2 The earlier explanations of observational learning ⚫ 1908, Watson replicated Thorndike’s research with monkeys, he too found no evidence for observational learning. “learning can result from direct experience and not from indirect or vicarious experience.” ⚫ 杀鸡给猴看？
Bandura's social learning Theory 0.4.2 The earlier explanations of observational learning o Miller and Dollard: they did not deny the fact that an organism could learn by observing the activities of another organism. If imitative behavior is reinforced, it willl be strengthened like any other kind of behavior. Ifimitative responses were not made and reinforced. no learning would take place. So, imitative learning was the result of observation, overt responding, and reinforcement
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory ⚫ 4.4.2 The earlier explanations of observational learning ⚫ Miller and Dollard: they did not deny the fact that an organism could learn by observing the activities of another organism. If imitative behavior is reinforced, it will be strengthened like any other kind of behavior.If imitative responses were not made and reinforced, no learning would take place.So, imitative learning was the result of observation, overt responding, and reinforcement
Bandura's social Learning Theory o 4.4.2 Bandura's account of observational learning o Bandura regarded observational learning as primarily a cognitive process, which involves a number of attributes thought of as distinctly human such as language, morality thin king and the self-regulation of one's behavior o Observational learning may or may not involve imitation. e.g. a traffic accident. What you learned was information, which was processed cognitively and acted on in a way that was advantageous It is much more complex than simple imitation
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory ⚫ 4.4.2 Bandura’s account of observational learning ⚫ Bandura regarded observational learning as primarily a cognitive process, which involves a number of attributes thought of as distinctly human, such as language, morality, thinking ,and the self-regulation of one’s behavior. ⚫ Observational learning may or may not involve imitation.e.g. a traffic accident. What you learned was information, which was processed cognitively and acted on in a way that was advantageous. It is much more complex than simple imitation
Bandura's social learning Theory o 4.4.2 Bandura's account of observational learning o Experimental foundation: children observed a film in which a model was shown hitting and kicking a large doll. One group of children saw the model reinforced for his aggressiveneSs. A second group of children saw the model punished. For a third group the consequences of the models aggressiveness were neutral. Then, the children were exposed to the doll and their aggressiveness toward it was measured the results showed that the children in the first group were most aggressive, the children in the second group were least aggressive, and the children in the third group were between the two
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory ⚫ 4.4.2 Bandura’s account of observational learning ⚫ Experimental foundation:children observed a film in which a model was shown hitting and kicking a large doll. One group of children saw the model reinforced for his aggressiveness. A second group of children saw the model punished. For a third group the consequences of the model’s aggressiveness were neutral. Then, the children were exposed to the doll, and their aggressiveness toward it was measured. ⚫ the results showed that the children in the first group were most aggressive, the children in the second group were least aggressive, and the children in the third group were between the two
Bandura's social Learning Theory o 4.4.2 Banduras account of observational learning o The experiment demonstrated that the childrens behavior was influenced by indirect or vicarious experience. That is, what they observed another person experiencing had an impact on their own behavior o In the second phase of the study all the children were offered an attractive incentive for reproducing the behavior of the model, and they all did so. ln other words all the children had learned the models aggressive responses, but they performed differently, depending on whether they
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory ⚫ 4.4.2 Bandura’s account of observational learning ⚫ The experiment demonstrated that the children’s behavior was influenced by indirect or vicarious experience. That is, what they observed another person experiencing had an impact on their own behavior. ⚫ In the second phase of the study, all the children were offered an attractive incentive for reproducing the behavior of the model, and they all did so. In other words, all the children had learned the model’s aggressive responses, but they performed differently, depending on whether they