drogen peroxide is formed in the cells of plants and animals but is toxic to them. neemen Consequently, living systems hav developed mechanisms to rid themselves of hydrogen peroxide, usually by enzyme-catalyzed reduction to water. An under- standing of how reactions take place, be they reactions in living systems or reactions in

he Greek word stereos means\solid, \and stereochemistry refers to chemistry in three dimensions. The foundations of organic stereochemistry were laid by Jacobus van't Hoff* and Joseph Achille Le Bel in 1874. Independently of each other, van't Hoff and Le Bel proposed that the four bonds to carbon were directed toward the cor- ners of a tetrahedron. One consequence of a tetrahedral arrangement of bonds to carbon

ADDITION TO THE CARBONYL GROUP Idehydes and ketones contain an acyl group RC-bonded either to hydrogen or to another carbon

Leadership Leadership is the process where a person exerts influence over others and inspires, motivates and directs their activities to achieve goals. Effective leadership increases the firm' b ability to meet new challenges. Leader: The person exerting the influence Personal Leadership style: the ways leaders choose to influence others Some leaders delegate and support subordinates, others are very authoritarian Managers at all levels have their own Irwin/McGraw-Hill leadership style

Absolute configuration(Section 7.5): The three-dimensional Activating substituent (Sections 12.10 and 12.12): A group rrangement of atoms or groups at a stereogenic center. that when present in place of a hydrogen causes a particular Acetal(Section 17.8): Product of the reaction of an aldehyde or reaction to occur faster. Term is most often applied to a ketone with two moles of an alcohol according to the substituents that increase the rate of electrophilic aromatic

The planning process Planning is the process used by managers to identify and select goals and courses of action for the organization The organizational plan that results from the planning process details the goals to be attained o The pattern of decisions managers take to reach these goals is the organizations strategy

SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS 2.1 A carbonyl group is=. Of the two carbonyl functions in prostaglandin E one belongs to the ketone family, the other to the carboxylic acids. Ketone OH Carboxylic acid functional group

The positive charge is shared equally by the three carbons indicated. Thus the two carbons ortho to the sp. e sp-hybridized carbon and the one para to it each bear one third of a positive charge (+0.33). None of the other carbons is charged. The resonance picture and the simple MO treatment agree with respect to the distribution of charge in cyclohexadienyl cation

Look at the drawing from a perspective that permits you to see the carbon chain oriented ver tically with the aldehyde at the top and the Ch,oh at the bottom. Both groups should point away from you. When examined from this perspective, the hydrogen is to the left and the hydroxyl to the right with both pointing toward you

Physical examination It is the process of examining the patient's body to determine the presence or absence of physical problems The goal of the physical examination is to obtain valid information concerning the health of the patient The examiner must be able to identify, analyze