Types of Costs Fixed Costs Variable costs (Overhead) Costs that don°t Costs that do vary vary with sales or directly with the production levels level of production

Objectives a Retailing n Wholesaling a Market logistics

Objectives Developing Managing an Advertising Program Deciding on Media Measuring Effectiveness Sales Promotion Public relations

Market-Oriented Strategic Planning Objectives Resources Skills Opportunities

Macroenvironmental forces World trade enablers Asian economic power Rise of trade blocs International monetary crises Use of barter countertrade Move towards market economies Global lifestyles C2000 Prentice Hall

Problem Recognition Recognition General Need Description Info Product Specification Search/ Supplier Search Eval Proposal Solicitation Purchase Supplier Selection

Bases for Segmenting Consumer Markets Geographic Region, City or Metro Size,Density, Climate Demographic Age, Gender, Family size and Life cycle, Race, Occupation or Income Psychographic Lifestyle or Personality

Why New Products Fail “ Over Championing” Overestimated demand Poor Design Poor Marketing execution High development Costs Strong Competitive Reaction C2000 Prentice Hall

5.1.1调查问卷的含义 调查问卷,又称调查表,是调查者 根据一定的调查目的和要求,按照 一定的理论假设设计出来的,由一 系列问题、调查项目、备选答案及 说明所组成的,向被调查者收集资 料的一种工具

一、回归预测的含义 回归(Regression)一词是由生物学相关概念引 申而来,它是英国生物学家高尔顿(. Galton〉 用来描述遗传变异现象的术语。1889年他在《普 用回归定律》一文中指出:每个人的特点和他的 亲属有相似之处,但平均地说在程度上有一定的 差异。他的朋友皮尔逊后来对1078个家庭进行 了调查,发现个子高的父母比矮的父母趋向于生 育个子高的子女,但是从平均数看,父母高, 他们的子女不一定像父母那样高,反之也不像 其父母那样矮。这种现象便称之为回归。后来这 个名词被广泛用来表示变量间的数量关系