development of forests A s forests are complex ecosystems requiring which the unique role of forests is recognized, balanced and sustainable management, one partnerships between and among countries from of the main challenges today is to reconcile the the north and the South are the basis on which often conflicting priorities of those who depend on Joint Implementation and the Clean Development them for a whole range of goods and services. It is Mechanism are built

Forest resources Global forest resources assessment gricultural expansion and deforestation Mangrove conversion and conservation Management, conservation and sustainable development of forests Role of planted trees in developing countries with low forest cover findings from six case studies Mountain forests and sustainable mountain development Forests and wooded lands in the mediterranean basin

Natural expansion of forest Expansion of forest through natural succession on land that until These terms have been adopted for use in the Global Forest then was under another land use( e.g. forest succession on land Resources Assessment 2000. Further information on definitions previously used for agriculture). It implies a transformation from

International dialoque and global, regional and national initiatives A international commitment to work towards then under the Intergovernmental Forum on Asustainable development was made almost Forests (IFF). IFF recently completed its work and a decade ago at the United Nations Conference on has put forth a proposal for an international Environment and Development (UNCED), also arrangement on forests, including the known as the Rio Conference, which took place in establishment of the United Nations Forum on

PART I THE SITUATION AND RECENT DI NTS IN THE FOREST SECTOR Recent developments his chapter discusses some of the main issues effectiveness of forest management(see and emerging trends in the forest sector, Management, conservation and sustainable focusing largely on the last two to three years. development of forest resources, p. 6). A pilot As it is impossible to cover all nev assessment of the health of the worlds developments, notable events and significant

一、概述 二、森林生态系统 三、草地生态系统 四、荒漠生态系统

环境效应是指在环境要素作用下环境受到影响的现象及其后果。环境因素 的变化导致生态系统变异而产生的后果即为环境生态效应。大量工业废水排入 江、河、湖、海,对生态系统产生毒性作用,使鱼类受害而减少甚至绝灭;任 意砍伐森林,会造成水土流失,产生干旱、风沙灾害,同时使鸟类减少,害虫 增多;致畸、致癌、致突变物质的污染引起畸形和癌症患者增多

水环境 海洋环境 大气环境 声环境 固体废物 辐射环境 耕地/土地 森林/草地 生物多样性 气候与自然灾害

河南省地方标准：河南省级森林公园总体规划规范（DB41/T 645-2010）

1.1清洁生产的由来 一、传统污染末端控制的弊端 发达国家在60年代和70年代初,由于经济快速 发展,忽视对工业污染的防治,致使环境污染问题 日益严重。环境问题(十大环境问题:全球变暖、 大气污染、水体污染、酸雨、海洋污染、臭氧层破 坏、生物物种减少、森林锐减、土地荒漠化和固体 废物污染)逐渐引起各国政府的极大关注,并采取 了相应的环保措施和对策