136 ANNEX 1 DEFINITIONS AND ACRONYMS
136 ANNEX 1 DEFINITIONS AND ACRONYMS
137 EFINITIONS USED IN THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S FORESTS FOREST AND RELATED LAND COVER Natural expansion of forest Expansion of forest through natural succession on land that until These terms have been adopted for use in the Global Forest then was under another land use( e.g. forest succession on land Resources Assessment 2000. Further information on definitions previously used for agriculture). It implies a transformation from has beenpublished in FAO documents(FAO, 1998d; FAO, 20000), non-forest to forest whichareavailableontheFaoWebsiteatwww.faoorg/for ESTRY/FO/FRA/index jsp Reforestation Establishment of forest plantations on temporarily unstocked ands that are considered forest Forest includes natural forests and forest plantations. The term is used to refer to land with a tree canopy cover of more than 10 Natural regeneration on forest lands percent and area of more than 0. 5 ha. Forests are determined both Natural succession of forest on temporarily unstocked lands that by the presence of trees and the absence of other predominant are considered forest 5 m Young stands that have not yet reached, but are expected to Deforestation reach, a crown density of 10 percent and tree height of 5 m are The conversion of forest to another land use or the long-term included under forest, as are temporarily unstocked areas. The reduction of the tree canopy cover below the minimum 10 per term includes forests used for purposes of production, protection, cent threshold (see the definition of forest and the following ex multiple use or conservation (i.e. forest in national parks, nature planatory note) reserves and other protected areas), as well as forest stands Explanatory note: Deforestation implies the long-term or per- agricultural lands(e.g windbreaks and shelterbelts of trees with a manent loss of forest cover and implies transformation into an- width of more than 20 m) and rubberwood plantations and cork other land use. Such a loss can only be caused and maintained oak stands. The term specifically excludes stands of trees estab- by a continued human-induced or natural perturbation. Defor- lished primarily for agricultural production, for example fruit tree estation includes areas of forest converted to agriculture, pas- plantations. It also excludes trees planted in agroforestry systems. ture, water reservoirs and urban areas. The term specifically excludes areas where the trees have been removed as a result of Natural forest harvesting or logging and where the forest is expected to regen- Aforest composed of indigenous trees, andnot classified as forest erate naturally or with the aid of silvicultural measures. Unless plantation logging is followed by the clearing of the remaining logged-over forest for the introduction of alternative land uses or the clear- Forest plantation ings are maintained through continued disturbance, forests com- A forest established by planting and/or seeding in the process of monly regenerate, although often to a different, secondary con- afforestation or reforestation. It consists of introduced species or, dition. In areas of shifting agriculture, forest, forest fallow and in some cases, indigenous speci agricultural lands appear in a dynamic pattern where deforest- tion and the return of forest occur frequently in small patches. To other wooded land simplify reporting of such areas, the net change over a larger area Land that has either a crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) is typically used. Deforestation also includes areas where, for 5 to10 percent of treesable to reach a height of 5 mat maturity: example, the impact of disturbance, overutilization or changing or a crown cover (or equivalent stocking level)of more than 10 environmental conditions affects the forest to an extent that it percent of trees not able to reach a height of 5 m at maturity; or cannot sustain a tree cover above the 10 percent threshold a shrub or bush cover of more than 10 percent. Forest degradation Changes within the forest that negatively affect the structure or Establishment of forest plantations on land that until then was not function of the stand or site, and thereby lower its capacity to classified asforest It impliesatransformationfromnon-forest toforest. supply products and/or services
137 Natural expansion of forest Expansion of forest through natural succession on land that until then was under another land use (e.g. forest succession on land previously used for agriculture). It implies a transformation from non-forest to forest. Reforestation Establishment of forest plantations on temporarily unstocked lands that are considered forest. Natural regeneration on forest lands Natural succession of forest on temporarily unstocked lands that are considered forest. Deforestation The conversion of forest to another land use or the long-term reduction of the tree canopy cover below the minimum 10 percent threshold (see the definition of forest and the following explanatory note). Explanatory note: Deforestation implies the long-term or permanent loss of forest cover and implies transformation into another land use. Such a loss can only be caused and maintained by a continued human-induced or natural perturbation. Deforestation includes areas of forest converted to agriculture, pasture, water reservoirs and urban areas. The term specifically excludes areas where the trees have been removed as a result of harvesting or logging and where the forest is expected to regenerate naturally or with the aid of silvicultural measures. Unless logging is followed by the clearing of the remaining logged-over forest for the introduction of alternative land uses, or the clearings are maintained through continued disturbance, forests commonly regenerate, although often to a different, secondary condition. In areas of shifting agriculture, forest, forest fallow and agricultural lands appear in a dynamic pattern where deforestation and the return of forest occur frequently in small patches. To simplify reporting of such areas, the net change over a larger area is typically used. Deforestation also includes areas where, for example, the impact of disturbance, overutilization or changing environmental conditions affects the forest to an extent that it cannot sustain a tree cover above the 10 percent threshold. Forest degradation Changes within the forest that negatively affect the structure or function of the stand or site, and thereby lower its capacity to supply products and/or services. FOREST AND RELATED LAND COVER These terms have been adopted for use in the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000. Further information on definitions has been published in FAO documents (FAO, 1998d; FAO, 2000f), which are available on the FAO Web site at: www.fao.org/FORESTRY/FO/FRA/index.jsp. Forest Forest includes natural forests and forest plantations. The term is used to refer to land with a tree canopy cover of more than 10 percent and area of more than 0.5 ha. Forests are determined both by the presence of trees and the absence of other predominant land uses. The trees should be able to reach a minimum height of 5 m. Young stands that have not yet reached, but are expected to reach, a crown density of 10 percent and tree height of 5 m are included under forest, as are temporarily unstocked areas. The term includes forests used for purposes of production, protection, multiple use or conservation (i.e. forest in national parks, nature reserves and other protected areas), as well as forest stands on agricultural lands (e.g. windbreaks and shelterbelts of trees with a width of more than 20 m) and rubberwood plantations and cork oak stands. The term specifically excludes stands of trees established primarily for agricultural production, for example fruit tree plantations. It also excludes trees planted in agroforestry systems. Natural forest A forest composed of indigenous trees, and not classified as forest plantation. Forest plantation A forest established by planting and/or seeding in the process of afforestation or reforestation. It consists of introduced species or, in some cases, indigenous species. Other wooded land Land that has either a crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of 5 to10 percent of trees able to reach a height of 5 m at maturity; or a crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of more than 10 percent of trees not able to reach a height of 5 m at maturity; or a shrub or bush cover of more than 10 percent. Afforestation Establishment of forest plantations on land that until then was not classified as forest. It implies a transformation from non-forest to forest. DEFINITIONS USED IN THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S FORESTS 137
138 Forest improvement Sawnwood Changes within the forest that positively affect the structure or Wood (including sleepers) sawn lengthwise or produced by a function of the stand or site, and thereby increase its capacity to profile-chipping process, and planed wood supply products and/or services An aggregate term including the following commodities: veneer FOREST PRODUCTS heets, plywood, particle board and fibreboard Particle board includes varieties such as oriented strand board(OSB)and These definitions are an abbreviated form of those used in the flakeboard. Fibreboard includes hardboard, medium-density FAO Yearbook of Forest Products, which includes full details fibreboard(MDF)and insulation fibreboard FAO,2000c) Pulp for paper Roundwood This includes both wood pulp(mechanical, semi-chemical and Wood in its natural state as removed from forests and from trees chemical)and other fibre pulp(straw, bamboo and bagasse, etc outside forests; wood in the rough Commodities include all forms of industrial roundwood and Recovered paper fuelwood Used paper and paperboard or residues from paper conversion that are collected for reuse as a raw material for the manufacture of paper, paperboard or other products. Wood that will be used"in the rough "as fuel for purposes such as cooking, heating or power generation; and wood that will be Paper and paperboard used for charcoal production The following commodities are included in this aggregate: news- print, printing and writing paper, other paper and paperboard ndustrial roundwood The commodities included in this category are sawlogs or veneer Non-wood forest products logs, pulpwood and other industrial roundwood. In the case of Goods of biological origin other than wood that are derived from trade, chips and particles and wood residues are also included. forests, other wooded land and trees outside forests
138 Forest improvement Changes within the forest that positively affect the structure or function of the stand or site, and thereby increase its capacity to supply products and/or services. FOREST PRODUCTS These definitions are an abbreviated form of those used in the FAO Yearbook of Forest Products, which includes full details (FAO, 2000c). Roundwood Wood in its natural state as removed from forests and from trees outside forests; wood in the rough. Commodities include all forms of industrial roundwood and fuelwood. Woodfuel Wood that will be used “in the rough” as fuel for purposes such as cooking, heating or power generation; and wood that will be used for charcoal production. Industrial roundwood The commodities included in this category are sawlogs or veneer logs, pulpwood and other industrial roundwood. In the case of trade, chips and particles and wood residues are also included. Sawnwood Wood (including sleepers) sawn lengthwise or produced by a profile-chipping process, and planed wood. Wood-based panels An aggregate term including the following commodities: veneer sheets, plywood, particle board and fibreboard. Particle board includes varieties such as oriented strand board (OSB) and flakeboard. Fibreboard includes hardboard, medium-density fibreboard (MDF) and insulation fibreboard. Pulp for paper This includes both wood pulp (mechanical, semi-chemical and chemical) and other fibre pulp (straw, bamboo and bagasse, etc.). Recovered paper Used paper and paperboard or residues from paper conversion that are collected for reuse as a raw material for the manufacture of paper, paperboard or other products. Paper and paperboard The following commodities are included in this aggregate: newsprint, printing and writing paper, other paper and paperboard. Non-wood forest products Goods of biological origin other than wood that are derived from forests, other wooded land and trees outside forests
139 ACRONYMS CPF Activities Implemented Jointly(FCCC) Collaborative Partnership on Forests APFC Asia-Pacific Forestry Commissio Canadian Standards Association ASEAN CSD Association of southeast asian Nations Commission on Sustainable Development (UN) ATO DFID African Timber Organization Department for International Development (UK) BAS EBRD Belize Audubon Society European Bank for Reconstruction and Development CARICOM EC Caribbean Community and Common Market European Community CATIE ECOSOC Tropical Agriculture Research and Higher Education Economic and Social Council (UN) ECOWAS CBC Economic Community of West African States community-based conservation EEC CCAB-AP European Economic Community Central American Council for Forests and protected Areas(CCAD CCAD Central American Commission on Environment and Framework Convention on Climate Change Development FORIS CDM Forestry Information System Clean Development Mechanism(FCCC) FPIRS CEFDHAC Forest Policy Implementation Review and Strategy Conference on the Central African moist forest World Bank) EcoSystems FRA 2000 CEOS Global forest resources assessment 2000 Committee on earth observation satellites FSC CEPI Forest Stewardship Council Confederation of European Paper Industries GAI CIFOR gross annual increment Center for International Forestry Research CIS Global Environment Facility Commonwealth of Independent States GFMC CITES Global Fire Monitoring Centre Convention on International Trade in Endangere GIs Species of Wild Fauna and Flora Geographic Information System COFO GMO Committee on Forestry(FAO) genetically modified organism ICDP Corporacion Nacional Forestal( Chile) tegrated conservation and development project COP CIMOD Conference of the parties International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development
139 ACRONYMS AIJ Activities Implemented Jointly (FCCC) APFC Asia-Pacific Forestry Commission ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ATO African Timber Organization BAS Belize Audubon Society CARICOM Caribbean Community and Common Market CATIE Tropical Agriculture Research and Higher Education Center CBC community-based conservation CCAB-AP Central American Council for Forests and Protected Areas (CCAD) CCAD Central American Commission on Environment and Development CDM Clean Development Mechanism (FCCC) CEFDHAC Conference on the Central African Moist Forest Ecosystems CEOS Committee on Earth Observation Satellites CEPI Confederation of European Paper Industries CIFOR Center for International Forestry Research CIS Commonwealth of Independent States CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora COFO Committee on Forestry (FAO) CONAF Corporación Nacional Forestal (Chile) COP Conference of the Parties CPF Collaborative Partnership on Forests CSA Canadian Standards Association CSD Commission on Sustainable Development (UN) DFID Department for International Development (UK) EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development EC European Community ECOSOC Economic and Social Council (UN) ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EEC European Economic Community EU European Union FCCC Framework Convention on Climate Change FORIS Forestry Information System FPIRS Forest Policy Implementation Review and Strategy (World Bank) FRA 2000 Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000 FSC Forest Stewardship Council GAI gross annual increment GEF Global Environment Facility GFMC Global Fire Monitoring Centre GIS Geographic Information System GMO genetically modified organism ICDP integrated conservation and development project ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development
140 ICRAF LVL International Centre for Research in Agroforestry laminated veneer lumber IDRC MDF International Development Research Centre medium-density fibreboard NAFTA International Fund for Agricultural Development North American Free Trade Agreement IFF Intergovernmental Forum on Forests net annual increment D ternational Institute for Environment and non-governmental organization Development (UK) NTCC ILO National Timber Certification Council (Malaysia) International Labour Organization NWFP non-wood forest product International Monetary Fund OECD IPCC Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Office National des Forets(France) tergovernmental Panel on Forests ISDR oriented strand board International Strategy for Disaster Reduction(UN) PAGE Pilot Analysis of Global Ecosystems International Organization for standardization PEFC TC Pan-European Forest Certification Framework International Trade Centre PROFOR ITFF Programme on Forests (UNDP) Interagency Task Force on Forests (UN) QELRC ITTO quantified emission limitation or reduction commitmen International Tropical Timber Organization (FCCC) UCN RIL World Conservation Union reduced impact logging UFRO SAARC International Union of Forestry Research Organizations South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation IYM SADC International Year of Mountains Southern African Development Community JFM SBSTA Joint Forest Management Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technical Advice(FCCC) Joint Implementation(projects)(FCCC) Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technology LAES Advice(Conference on Biological Diversity Latin American Economic System SIDA Swedish International Development Agency Indonesian Ecolabelling Institute South pacific forum Land Use Change and Forestry(FCCC) TCA LULUCF Treaty for Amazonian Co-operation land use, land use change and forestry (projects) (FCCC) Tropical Montane Cloud Forest(Initiative
140 ICRAF International Centre for Research in Agroforestry IDRC International Development Research Centre IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IFF Intergovernmental Forum on Forests IIED International Institute for Environment and Development (UK) ILO International Labour Organization IMF International Monetary Fund IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPF Intergovernmental Panel on Forests ISDR International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UN) ISO International Organization for Standardization ITC International Trade Centre ITFF Interagency Task Force on Forests (UN) ITTO International Tropical Timber Organization IUCN World Conservation Union IUFRO International Union of Forestry Research Organizations IYM International Year of Mountains JFM Joint Forest Management JI Joint Implementation (projects) (FCCC) LAES Latin American Economic System LEI Indonesian Ecolabelling Institute LUCF Land Use Change and Forestry (FCCC) LULUCF land use, land use change and forestry (projects) (FCCC) LVL laminated veneer lumber MDF medium-density fibreboard NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement NAI net annual increment NGO non-governmental organization NTCC National Timber Certification Council (Malaysia) NWFP non-wood forest product OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ONF Office National des Forêts (France) OSB oriented strand board PAGE Pilot Analysis of Global Ecosystems PEFC Pan-European Forest Certification Framework PROFOR Programme on Forests (UNDP) QELRC quantified emission limitation or reduction commitment (FCCC) RIL reduced impact logging SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SADC Southern African Development Community SBSTA Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technical Advice (FCCC) SBSTTA Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technology Advice (Conference on Biological Diversity) SIDA Swedish International Development Agency SPF South Pacific Forum TCA Treaty for Amazonian Co-operation TMCF Tropical Montane Cloud Forest (Initiative)
UKWAS UNFF United Kingdom Woodland Assurance Scheme United Nations forum on forests UNCED NCMC United Nations Conference on Environment and World Conservation Monitoring Centre Development WCPA UN-ECE World Commission on Protected Areas(IUCN) United Nations Econ WMO UNEP World Meteorological Organization United Nations Environment Programme UNESCO World Resources Institute United Nations Educational. scientific and cultural WTO World Trade Organization UNF WWF United Nations Foundation World Wide Fund for Nature
141 UKWAS United Kingdom Woodland Assurance Scheme UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development UN-ECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNF United Nations Foundation UNFF United Nations Forum on Forests WCMC World Conservation Monitoring Centre WCPA World Commission on Protected Areas (IUCN) WMO World Meteorological Organization WRI World Resources Institute WTO World Trade Organization WWF World Wide Fund for Nature
142 ANNEX 2 DATA TABLES
142 ANNEX 2 DATA TABLES
143 EXPLANATORY NOTES GENERAL TABLE 2 and TABlE 3 Country/area nomenclature and regional groups used in the data These figures for 2000 represent the most current global data table set available for forest area and forest area change. The source The countrylarea names and order used in these tables of the data is the FAO Forest Resources Assessment 2000 Project follow standard UN practice regarding nomenclature and al- Adjustments to the standard reference years 1990 and 2000 phabetical listing Data for"China" incorporate values for China were made by FAO. "Total forest" is the sum of natural forest (including Hong Kong Special Adminstrative Region and Macao plus forest plantations. Forest area change is the net change in Special Administrative Region) and for Taiwan Province of forests and includes expansion of forest plantations and losses China. Theregional groupsused in these tablesrepresent FAOs and gains in the area of natural forests standardized regional breakdown of the world according to In Table 2, "volume"refers to total volume over bark of living geographic- not economic or political -criteria trees above 10 cm diameter at breast height. "Biomass"refers to above-ground massof thewoody part(stem, bark, branches, twigs) of trees(alive or dead), shrubs and bushes. For industrialized Numbers may not tally because of rounding countries(i.e. Europe, CIScountries, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States), the stem volume for all living trees Abbreviations has been used for the volume figure. Some variation as to the minimum diameter applied is reported in UN-ECE/FAO (2000b) GNP= gross national product n.S.= not significant, indicating a very small value TABLE 4 n.a. not available not available ble summarizes information collected for fra 2000 on the n ap. not applicable tus and trends of forest management as of the end of 2000. It includes information by cou aunty on membership of ecoregional TABLE 1 processes on criteria and indicators for sustainable forest man- agement, the area of forest under management plans, the area of The"land area"figure refers to the total area of a country, forest under legal protection status and the area of forest certified excluding areas under inland water bodies. The source of these under various certification scheme data is the FAO Production Yearbook 1998(FAO, 1999b), except in the case of 17 countries(marked in the table with an asterisk) Criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management whose land areas have been amended to reflect data recently Criteria and indicators processes are abbreviated as follows provided to FAO by these countries. The forest cover figure for ATO=African Timber Organization each country has been calibrated to the countrys land area. DZAf Dry-Zone Africa Process on Criteria and Indicators for Population statistics on total population, population density Sustainable Forest Management and annual rate of change are taken from World population DFAS =Regional Initiative for the Development and Implemen- ospects-the 1998revision(UN, 1999). The source ofRural tation of National Level Criteria and Indicators for the Sustain population"data is World urbanization prospects-the 1996 able Management of Dry Forests in Asia The source of the economic data is World Development for Sustainable Forest Managemen, on Criteria and Indicators revision(UN, 1997) Indicators 1999(World Bank, 2000c). The GNP per capita ITTO International Tropical Timber Organization figure represents the gross national product(GNP)divided by LEP= Lepaterique Process of Central America on Criteria and the mid-year population. The data are in constant 1995 Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management US dollars. The annual percentage growth rate figures of gross MON= Montreal Process on Criteria and Indicators for the Con domestic product(GDP)are based on constant local currency. servation and Sustainable Management of Temperate and Bo- real forests
143 TABLE 2 and TABLE 3 These figures for 2000 represent the most current global data set available for forest area and forest area change. The source of the data is the FAO Forest Resources Assessment 2000 Project. Adjustments to the standard reference years 1990 and 2000 were made by FAO. “Total forest” is the sum of natural forest plus forest plantations. Forest area change is the net change in forests and includes expansion of forest plantations and losses and gains in the area of natural forests. In Table 2, “volume” refers to total volume over bark of living trees above 10 cm diameter at breast height. “Biomass” refers to above-ground mass of the woody part (stem, bark, branches, twigs) of trees (alive or dead), shrubs and bushes. For industrialized countries (i.e. Europe, CIS countries, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States), the stem volume for all living trees has been used for the volume figure. Some variation as to the minimum diameter applied is reported in UN-ECE/FAO (2000b). TABLE 4 The table summarizes information collected for FRA 2000 on the status and trends of forest management as of the end of 2000. It includes information by country on membership of ecoregional processes on criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management, the area of forest under management plans, the area of forest under legal protection status and the area of forest certified under various certification schemes. Criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management Criteria and indicators processes are abbreviated as follows: ATO = African Timber Organization DZAf = Dry-Zone Africa Process on Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management DFAs = Regional Initiative for the Development and Implementation of National Level Criteria and Indicators for the Sustainable Management of Dry Forests in Asia EUR = Pan-European Forest Process on Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management ITTO = International Tropical Timber Organization LEP = Lepaterique Process of Central America on Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management MON = Montreal Process on Criteria and Indicators for the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Temperate and Boreal Forests EXPLANATORY NOTES GENERAL Country/area nomenclature and regional groups used in the data tables The country/area names and order used in these tables follow standard UN practice regarding nomenclature and alphabetical listing. Data for “China” incorporate values for China (including Hong Kong Special Adminstrative Region and Macao Special Administrative Region) and for Taiwan Province of China. The regional groups used in these tables represent FAO’s standardized regional breakdown of the world according to geographic – not economic or political – criteria. Totals Numbers may not tally because of rounding. Abbreviations GDP = gross domestic product GNP = gross national product n.s. = not significant, indicating a very small value n.a. = not available - = not available n.ap. = not applicable TABLE 1 The “land area” figure refers to the total area of a country, excluding areas under inland water bodies. The source of these data is the FAO Production Yearbook 1998 (FAO, 1999b), except in the case of 17 countries (marked in the table with an asterisk) whose land areas have been amended to reflect data recently provided to FAO by these countries. The forest cover figure for each country has been calibrated to the country’s land area. Population statistics on total population, population density and annual rate of change are taken from World population prospects – the 1998 revision (UN, 1999). The source of “Rural population” data is World urbanization prospects – the 1996 revision (UN, 1997). The source of the economic data is World Development Indicators 1999 (World Bank, 2000c). The GNP per capita figure represents the gross national product (GNP) divided by the mid-year population. The data are in constant 1995 US dollars. The annual percentage growth rate figures of gross domestic product (GDP) are based on constant local currency. 143
14 NE= Near East Process on Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable For Finland, the original figure provided was 18.6 million ha Forest Manageme However, a total of 21.9 million ha of forest had been certified TARA Tarapoto Proposal of Criteria and Indicators for as of December 2000. As this implies the existence of a manage- tainability of the Amazon Forest ment regime, the higher figure was used All 29 ITTO producer countries have been involved in the For Italy, only forests with specific management plans were development of the IT TO Criteria and Indicators; however, only included. All other forests in the country are submitted to general those countries implementing the IT TO criteria and indicators as silvicultural prescriptions part of an ITTO project are included in the table. The remaining For Guyana, the figure represents the area under concession ITTO producer countries are also members of other ongoing agreements, as all concessionaires are required to prepare a forest quisite to government app oping and implementing criteria and indicators under separate, Numbers with an asterisk ()represent partial data, as national but linked, initiatives (e.g. Lepaterique, Tarapoto and ATO). figures were not available Bosnia-Herzegovina, Georgia, San Marino and Yugoslavia were invited to join the Pan-European Forest Process as of De- Forest in protected areas cember 2000 and have been included in the table "Forest in protected areas "refers to areas within IUCN Catego- Cuba and the Lao People's Democratic Republic have devel- ries I to VI for nature protection. The " Country report data"col ped national level criteria and indicators for sustainable forest umn gives figures provided in country submissions to FRA 2000 management without being members of any of the above pro- in which the term "protection"was interpreted broadly, particu cesses larly for IUCN Categories v to Vl, which may include areas under general forest management. The"Global map data"col Area under forest management plans umn gives figures derived from an overlay of the FRA 2000 Different definitions for the area of forest under management global maps of forest cover and the FRA 2000 (in partnership plans were used for developing and industrialized countries. with UNEP-WCMC)global mapping of protected areas with a The definition used for developing countries is"The area of legal protection status. Percentages refer to the percentage of forest which is managed for various purposes(conservation, total forest area under protected area status oduction, other) in accordance with a formal, nationally ap- proved management plan over a sufficiently long period (five Forest areas certified years or more). The definition used for industrialized countries The cumulative area of forests certified under the following urope, Cyprus, Turkey, Israel, CIS countries, Japan, Australia, schemes is listed New Zealand, Canada and the United States)also included ar- ATFP= American Tree Farm Program (as of December 2000) eas with a regularly applied informal plan, and areas where a CSA= Canada's National Sustainable Forest Management Sys decision has been made not to manage the forests at all (UN- tem Standard (as of 21 December 2000) ECE/FAO, 2000b). For this reason, regional totals are not pro- FSC= Forest Stewardship Council -Accredited Certification vided in the table Bodies(as of 31 December 2000) The figures for area under forest management plans were GT= Green Tag (United States)(as of 31 December 2000) taken from national reports and calculated as a percentage of the PEFC =Pan-European Forest Certification (national schemes total forest area in 2000. Where national reports indicated that endorsed by the PEFC Council)(as of December 2000 all forests were under management, the percentage was set to SFl Sustainable Forest Initiative Program-American Forest 100 percent. Partial data were obtained from a variety of pub- and Paper Association(for Canada, as of 21 December 2000; for lished sources the United States, as of October 2000) For Georgia, forests classified as"undisturbed"were not in- Although more than 29 million ha of land wereenrolled in SFI For the Philippines, the figure represents the aggregated area independently certified are include those areas that were cluded in the reported figure overed by tenurial agreements for forest land" and includes Areas certified under the ISo 14001 Environmental Manage- areas that were not defined as forests according to the FRA 2000 ment System Standard scheme (e.g. about 30 980 000 ha in definition. A forest management plan is required under these Canada and more than 300 000 ha in New Zealand) are in- agreements, but may not have been formally approved for all cluded only if also certified under specific forest certification areas For Australia, only forests managed for wood supply were Ghana, Malaysia and Indonesia, among others, are develop- included ing national certification schemes under which additional areas
144 NE = Near East Process on Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management TARA = Tarapoto Proposal of Criteria and Indicators for Sustainability of the Amazon Forest All 29 ITTO producer countries have been involved in the development of the ITTO Criteria and Indicators; however, only those countries implementing the ITTO criteria and indicators as part of an ITTO project are included in the table. The remaining ITTO producer countries are also members of other ongoing international processes on criteria and indicators and are developing and implementing criteria and indicators under separate, but linked, initiatives (e.g. Lepaterique, Tarapoto and ATO). Bosnia-Herzegovina, Georgia, San Marino and Yugoslavia were invited to join the Pan-European Forest Process as of December 2000 and have been included in the table. Cuba and the Lao People’s Democratic Republic have developed national level criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management without being members of any of the above processes. Area under forest management plans Different definitions for the area of forest under management plans were used for developing and industrialized countries. The definition used for developing countries is “The area of forest which is managed for various purposes (conservation, production, other) in accordance with a formal, nationally approved management plan over a sufficiently long period (five years or more)”. The definition used for industrialized countries (Europe, Cyprus, Turkey, Israel, CIS countries, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States) also included areas with a regularly applied informal plan, and areas where a decision has been made not to manage the forests at all (UNECE/FAO, 2000b). For this reason, regional totals are not provided in the table. The figures for area under forest management plans were taken from national reports and calculated as a percentage of the total forest area in 2000. Where national reports indicated that all forests were under management, the percentage was set to 100 percent. Partial data were obtained from a variety of published sources. For Georgia, forests classified as “undisturbed” were not included in the reported figure. For the Philippines, the figure represents the aggregated area covered by tenurial agreements for “forest land” and includes areas that were not defined as forests according to the FRA 2000 definition. A forest management plan is required under these agreements, but may not have been formally approved for all areas. For Australia, only forests managed for wood supply were included. For Finland, the original figure provided was 18.6 million ha. However, a total of 21.9 million ha of forest had been certified as of December 2000. As this implies the existence of a management regime, the higher figure was used. For Italy, only forests with specific management plans were included. All other forests in the country are submitted to general silvicultural prescriptions. For Guyana, the figure represents the area under concession agreements, as all concessionaires are required to prepare a forest management plan as a prerequisite to government approval. Numbers with an asterisk (*) represent partial data, as national figures were not available. Forest in protected areas “Forest in protected areas” refers to areas within IUCN Categories I to VI for nature protection. The “Country report data” column gives figures provided in country submissions to FRA 2000 in which the term “protection” was interpreted broadly, particularly for IUCN Categories V to VI, which may include areas under general forest management. The “Global map data” column gives figures derived from an overlay of the FRA 2000 global maps of forest cover and the FRA 2000 (in partnership with UNEP-WCMC) global mapping of protected areas with a legal protection status. Percentages refer to the percentage of total forest area under protected area status. Forest areas certified The cumulative area of forests certified under the following schemes is listed. ATFP = American Tree Farm Program (as of December 2000) CSA = Canada’s National Sustainable Forest Management System Standard (as of 21 December 2000) FSC = Forest Stewardship Council – Accredited Certification Bodies (as of 31 December 2000) GT = Green Tag (United States) (as of 31 December 2000) PEFC = Pan-European Forest Certification (national schemes endorsed by the PEFC Council) (as of December 2000) SFI = Sustainable Forest Initiative Program – American Forest and Paper Association (for Canada, as of 21 December 2000; for the United States, as of October 2000) Although more than 29 million ha of land were enrolled in SFI in the United States and Canada, only those areas that were independently certified are included. Areas certified under the ISO 14001 Environmental Management System Standard scheme (e.g. about 30 980 000 ha in Canada and more than 300 000 ha in New Zealand) are included only if also certified under specific forest certification schemes. Ghana, Malaysia and Indonesia, among others, are developing national certification schemes under which additional areas
145 may soon be certified. Approximately 2 325 000 ha of forests in nature is indicated by"", and ratification or accession is threestates of Malaysia(Pahang, Terengganuand Selangor)have, indicated by"r" as a first step, been assessed to the requirements of a mutually Convention to Combat Desertification Status as of 31 July agreed standard and were awarded audit statements"by an 2000: information source: the Conventions Web site independentthird-partyassessor(theKeurhoutFoundation)(www.unccd.int/main.php) under the Malaysia/Nether lands cooperation programme(H CITES Status as of 7 September 2000; information source SinghNationalTimberCertificationCouncil,MalaysiapertheCiteSWebsite(www.wcmc.org.uk/cites) sonal communication, 2001) Ramsar Convention. Status as of 6 September 2000: infor- mationsourcetheRamsarWebsite(www.ramsar.org) TABLE 5 World Heritage Convention Status as of 2 October 2000 information source: the World Heritage Web site Thistablegivesdataforallregionsbrokendownbycountry(www.unesco.org.whc/wldrat.htm) or territory. The source is the FAO Yearbook of Forest Products International Tropical Timber Agreement 1994 Status as of 1998(FAO, 2000c). The information is also available through 31 December 1999: information source: ITTO theFaoWebsiteat:www.fao.org In addition to the countries indicated in the table the eu- A0"indicates either a true zero or an insignificant value ropean Community has ratified the Convention on Biological (less than half a unit). The regional totals may differ from the Diversity, the FCCC and the Convention to Combat Deserti- sum of the totals for the countries and territories included in the fication, and the European Union has signed the International the difference being due either to the rounding of num- Tropical Timber Agreement 1994 or to territories not included in the tables TABLE 6 This table lists countries that have ratified the following con- ventions: the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Frame work Convention on Climate Change(FCCC)and its Kyoto Protocol the Convention to combat desertification the cor ention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora(ciTES), the Ramsar Convention and the World Heritage Convention. It also indicates countries that have rati- fied the International Tropical Timber Agreement (i.e. the mem- bers of the International Tropical Timber Organization The reference date for the ratification status and the source of information on these conventions and agreements are as Convention on Biological Diversity. Status as of 14 August 2000: information source: the convention's Web site FCCC Status as of 25 May 2000: information source: the FccCWebsite(www.unfccc.de).ThecountrieslistedinAn- nex I (developed countries and countries in transition) of the FCCC are marked with an asterisk () Kyoto Protocol (to the FCCC) Status as of 7 August 2000 informationsourcetheFccCWebsite(www.unfccc.desig Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, particularly in Africa The full name is the Convention on wetlands of international Importance, Especially as Waterfowl Habitat
145 1 The full name is the Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, particularly in Africa. 2 The full name is the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. nature is indicated by “s”, and ratification or accession is indicated by “r”. Convention to Combat Desertification. Status as of 31 July 2000; information source: the Convention’s Web site (www.unccd.int/main.php). CITES. Status as of 7 September 2000; information source: the CITES Web site (www.wcmc.org.uk/CITES). Ramsar Convention. Status as of 6 September 2000; information source: the Ramsar Web site (www.ramsar.org). World Heritage Convention. Status as of 2 October 2000; information source: the World Heritage Web site (www.unesco.org.whc/wldrat.htm). International Tropical Timber Agreement 1994. Status as of 31 December 1999; information source: ITTO. In addition to the countries indicated in the table, the European Community has ratified the Convention on Biological Diversity, the FCCC and the Convention to Combat Desertification, and the European Union has signed the International Tropical Timber Agreement 1994. may soon be certified. Approximately 2 325 000 ha of forests in three states of Malaysia (Pahang, Terengganu and Selangor) have, as a first step, been assessed to the requirements of a mutually agreed standard and were awarded “audit statements” by an independent third-party assessor (the Keurhout Foundation) under the Malaysia/Netherlands cooperation programme (H. Singh, National Timber Certification Council, Malaysia, personal communication, 2001). TABLE 5 This table gives data for all regions, broken down by country or territory. The source is the FAO Yearbook of Forest Products 1998 (FAO, 2000c). The information is also available through the FAO Web site at: www.fao.org. A “0” indicates either a true zero or an insignificant value (less than half a unit). The regional totals may differ from the sum of the totals for the countries and territories included in the table, the difference being due either to the rounding of numbers or to territories not included in the tables. TABLE 6 This table lists countries that have ratified the following conventions: the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) and its Kyoto Protocol, the Convention to Combat Desertification,1 the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), the Ramsar Convention2 and the World Heritage Convention. It also indicates countries that have ratified the International Tropical Timber Agreement (i.e. the members of the International Tropical Timber Organization). The reference date for the ratification status and the source of information on these conventions and agreements are as follows: Convention on Biological Diversity. Status as of 14 August 2000; information source: the Convention’s Web site (www.biodiv.org). FCCC. Status as of 25 May 2000; information source: the FCCC Web site (www.unfccc.de.). The countries listed in Annex I (developed countries and countries in transition) of the FCCC are marked with an asterisk (*). Kyoto Protocol (to the FCCC). Status as of 7 August 2000; information source: the FCCC Web site (www.unfccc.de) Sig-
