STATE OF THE WORLD'S FORESTS 2003 PART THE SITUATION AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FOREST SECTOR
2003 FORESTS S’WORLD THE OF STATE I PART AND SITUATION THE DEVELOPMENTS SECTOR FOREST THE IN
PART I THE SITUATION AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FOREST SECTOR Forest resources n 2001, FAO published the Global Forest close collaboration among international Resources assessment 2000 forest-related processes such as those related most comprehensive such survey ever to criteria and indicators for sustainable undertaken. Largely based on information forest management; provided by the countries themselves and a the involvement of countries remote sensing survey of tropical countries, it the neutral role of FAO and its partners in was supplemented by special studies implementation of the assessment undertaken by FAO. Among the outputs were Several initiatives along these lines have two new global forest cover maps, estimates of recently been taken: a global and forest cover, deforestation rates and forest interorganizational process to harmonize forest biomass for each country, and several definitions met twice in 2002 the Collaborative on su Partnership on Forests(CPF)established a task management and forest fires. After the release of force on monitoring, assessment and reporting: FRA2000(FAO, 2001), an international meeting and steps have been taken to establish an of experts was convened to review results and advisory group on the global Forest Resources plan future steps. The present chapter highlights Assessment. some of the recommendations arising from these I discussions, notes trends pointing to continued More than changes in forest area deforestation as a result of pressure to increase Assessments have shown for many years that agricultural production, and reports on the the area of the world 's forests is shrinking conversion and conservation of mangroves Estimates have become more reliable over repeated assessments, particularly with the GLOBAL FOREST RESOURCES recent agreement that FRA2000 use one definition ASSESSMENT for forest. According to current estimates(FAO, FAOs Global Forest Resources assessment 2001),0.38 percent of the worlds forests were designed to serve countries, international converted to other land uses(i.e deforested) processes and the public by providing every year in the 1990s. At the same time, large information that can be used in policy-making, areas reverted to forest, leaving a net annual loss planning and evaluation of progress in achieving of 0. 22 percent. While these findings clearly sustainable forest management. Forests and trees show a substantial loss, particularly in the but also provide numerous environmental goods area is not the only indicator of the state of the not only provide wood and non-wood products, tropics, it is equally obvious that change in fores and services such as conservation of biological world's forest resources or their capacity to diversity and mitigation of climate change, and supply goods and services. they have a key role in alleviating poverty and Another way to describe declining forest improving food security. These multiple uses, resources is the extent to which they have been especially local and gender-specific ones, have in degraded (FAO, 2001). For example, poo the past been under-represented in forest silvicultural practices may have lowered wood assessments, and their inclusion will help production, unwisely managed harvesting may determine the usefulness of future efforts. Key have led to reduced biological diversity, or characteristics of the global assessment are overharvesting of fuelwood -in combination agreed common sets of definitions for the with grazing-may have negatively affected soil fertility. However, it is hard to obtain an accurate
SECTOR FOREST THE IN DEVELOPMENTS AND SITUATION THE I PART I Forest Global the published FAO, 2001 n the), 2000 FRA (2000 Assessment Resources ever survey such comprehensive most information on based Largely. undertaken a and themselves countries the by provided it, countries tropical of survey sensing remote studies special by supplemented was were outputs the Among. FAO by undertaken of estimates, maps cover forest global new two forest and rates deforestation, cover forest several and, country each for biomass forest as topics such on studies specialized of release the After. fires forest and management meeting international an), 2001, FAO (2000 FRA and results review to convened was experts of highlights chapter present The. steps future plan these from arising recommendations the of some continued to pointing trends notes, discussions increase to pressure of result a as deforestation the on reports and, production agricultural .mangroves of conservation and conversion RESOURCES FOREST GLOBAL ASSESSMENT is Assessment Resources Forest Global s’FAO international, countries serve to designed providing by public the and processes ,making-policy in used be can that information achieving in progress of evaluation and planning trees and Forests. management forest sustainable ,products wood-non and wood provide only not goods environmental numerous provide also but biological of conservation as such services and and, change climate of mitigation and diversity and poverty alleviating in role key a have they ,uses multiple These. security food improving in have, ones specific-gender and local especially forest in represented-under been past the help will inclusion their and, assessments Key. efforts future of usefulness the determine :are assessment global the of characteristics the for definitions of sets common agreed• ;parameters important most resources Forest international among collaboration close• related those as such processes related-forest sustainable for indicators and criteria to ;management forest ;countries of involvement the• in partners its and FAO of role neutral the• .assessment the of implementation have lines these along initiatives Several and global a: taken been recently forest harmonize to process interorganizational Collaborative the; 2002 in twice met definitions task a established) CPF (Forests on Partnership ;reporting and assessment, monitoring on force an establish to taken been have steps and Resources Forest Global the on group advisory .Assessment area forest in changes than More that years many for shown have Assessments .shrinking is forests s’world the of area the over reliable more become have Estimates the with particularly, assessments repeated definition one use 2000 FRA that agreement recent ,FAO (estimates current to According. forest for were forests s’world the of percent 38.0), 2001 (deforested. e.i (uses land other to converted large, time same the At. 1990s the in year every loss annual net a leaving, forest to reverted areas clearly findings these While. percent 22.0 of the in particularly, loss substantial a show forest in change that obvious equally is it, tropics the of state the of indicator only the not is area to capacity their or resources forest s’world .services and goods supply forest declining describe to way Another been have they which to extent the is resources poor, example For). 2001, FAO (degraded wood lowered have may practices silvicultural may harvesting managed unwisely, production or, diversity biological reduced to led have combination in – fuelwood of overharvesting soil affected negatively have may – grazing with accurate an obtain to hard is it, However. fertility 1
STATE OF THE WORLDs FORESTs 2003 Planning future direction In July 2002, FAO and several partners convened Gaps in the forest estate a global expert consultation on forest assessments in Finland (entitled Global Forest Resources Assessments- Linking National and International Efforts referred to in short as kotka Much of the agricultural expansion on to forest lands, particu IV)to review the results of FRA 2000 and to plan larly in the tropics, is temporary, inasmuch as fields are aban- the future direction of FAo global assessments doned three or four years after clearing because of a significant Among its many recommendations, Kotka IV loss of nutrients and hence of agricultural productivity. Some of agreed on the importance of capacity building in develop true shifting cultivation, becomes managed forest fallows. The the quality, timeliness and usefulness of forest official figures indicating the balance between the removal of inventories and assessments Kotka iv also forest and reforestation or afforestation miss these additions to concluded that national forest inventories and the forest estate, as well as the millions of trees outside forests that assessments should be driven by the needs of are planted and tended by rural inhabitants. Many forest fallows ational policy processes in Africa and other tropical regions that appear to be unproduc- In addition, the meeting noted that global tive are in fact well managed to meet a variety of basic local forest assessments should continue to be broad needs resources. This means that the wide range of forest goods and services must be assessed and the quantitative and qualitative values of the benefits studied, so far as possible. The provision overall picture of forest degradation without of industrial wood and conditions for biological also taking into account improvements that diversity, for example, should therefore be result in increased benefits. In this regard, future reported assessments will have to delve into aspects Precedents for assessing all benefits from related to function, impact and potential, forests have already been set with the providing much more information than in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, a four-year past. Weighing different benefits to determine initiative designed to provide decision-makers whether the total is increasing or decreasing in a and the public with relevant scientific given forest stand therefore becomes an information on the condition of ecosystems, equation. Similarly, there is a need to review the options for response; and the United Nationg o important element in the forest assessment expected consequences of ecosystem change and omplementarity of products and services from Environment Programme(UNEP)Global different forest stands at the landscape and Environmental Outlook studies which, while national levels. While it is generally agreed that focusing on environmental issues, also place forest degradation is more common than forest trends in the context of forest benefits systematic data prevents a balanced calculation systematic assessments and generate theonduct improvement in many countries, the lack of As many countries lack the capacity to of positive and negative trends information required to meet policy and Although evaluating trends in local forest planning needs, FAO has a programme to stands is a fairly straightforward matter, the support national forest assessments and build challenge is to make such samples representative country capacity. The pr ogramme for a country or the world. It would therefore support for systematic field measurements and appear that the solution to complex national or observations of forests and their use in order to global accounting of forest resources lies in obtain national-level statistics. a balanced use of stematic local observation and assessment remote sensing and field sampling is essential, as
2003 FORESTS S’WORLD THE OF STATE 2 without degradation forest of picture overall that improvements account into taking also future, regard this In. benefits increased in result aspects into delve to have will assessments ,potential and impact, function to related the in than information more much providing determine to benefits different Weighing. past a in decreasing or increasing is total the whether an becomes therefore stand forest given assessment forest the in element important the review to need a is there, Similarly. equation from services and products of complementarity and landscape the at stands forest different that agreed generally is it While. levels national forest than common more is degradation forest of lack the, countries many in improvement calculation balanced a prevents data systematic .trends negative and positive of forest local in trends evaluating Although the, matter straightforward fairly a is stands representative samples such make to is challenge therefore would It. world the or country a for or national complex to solution the that appear in lies resources forest of accounting global .assessment and observation local systematic direction future Planning convened partners several and FAO, 2002 July In forest on consultation expert global a Forest Global entitled (Finland in assessments and National Linking – Assessments Resources Kotka as short in to referred, Efforts International plan to and 2000 FRA of results the review to) IV .assessments global FAO of direction future the IV Kotka, recommendations many its Among ,building capacity of importance the on agreed increase to, countries developing in especially forest of usefulness and timeliness, quality the also IV Kotka. assessments and inventories and inventories forest national that concluded of needs the by driven be should assessments .processes policy national global that noted meeting the, addition In ,broad be to continue should assessments forest forest of aspects all on information including of range wide the that means This. resources and assessed be must services and goods forest the of values qualitative and quantitative the provision The. possible as far so, studied benefits biological for conditions and wood industrial of be therefore should, example for, diversity .reported from benefits all assessing for Precedents the with set been already have forests year-four a, Assessment Ecosystem Millennium makers-decision provide to designed initiative scientific relevant with public the and ,ecosystems of condition the on information and change ecosystem of consequences expected Nations United the and; response for options Global) UNEP (Programme Environment while, which studies Outlook Environmental place also, issues environmental on focusing .benefits forest of context the in trends conduct to capacity the lack countries many As the generate and assessments systematic and policy meet to required information to programme a has FAO, needs planning build and assessments forest national support on focuses programme The. capacity country and measurements field systematic for support to order in use their and forests of observations of use balanced A. statistics level-national obtain as, essential is sampling field and sensing remote significant a of because clearing after years four or three donedaban are fields as inasmuch, temporary is, tropics the in larlyparticu, lands forest to on expansion agricultural the of Much of Some. productivity agricultural of hence and nutrients of loss of case the in, some while, forest abandoned remains land this The. fallows forest managed becomes, cultivation shifting true of removal the between balance the indicating figures official to additions these miss afforestation or reforestation and forest that forests outside trees of millions the as well as, estate forest the fallows forest Many. inhabitants rural by tended and planted are local basic of variety a meet to managed well fact in are tiveunproduc be to appear that regions tropical other and Africa in .needs estate forest the in Gaps
PART I THE SITUATION AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FOREST SECTOR is close collaboration among national institutions expected to be negative and more significant and the newly established National Forest than in industrialized countries(IIaSa and Programme Facility(see p. 55) FAO,2002) Such extreme conditions over the next 50 years AGRICULTURAL EXPANSION AND are likely to result in significant incentives to DEFORESTATION expand agriculture, mostly but not entirely Over the years, researchers have identified new land cleared through deforestation. In many gricultural expansion as a common factor in industrialized countries, however, the area under almost all studies on deforestation. Indeed, much agriculture is shrinking, and land thus of the increase in food production has been at the abandoned is being converted to forest. expense of hundreds of millions of hectares of forest. Although there are no solid estimates of Relationship between forested and agricultural how much farm and grazing land was originallyareas under forest, the point remains that a large To shed light on whether there is a clear portion was cleared for agriculture, and that relationship in the dynamics between forested dditional land will be cleared in the future and agricultural areas, FAO analysed qualitative Efforts are therefore under way to gain a better temporal change trends on the basis of global understanding of the relationship between the statistics. However, this analysis excluded the wo sectors identification of factors that drive agricultural expansion or contraction and the processes that Added pressure from population increases and facilitate such change growing consumption Preliminary findings indicate that agricultural Large population increases and growing per land is expanding in about 70 percent of capita consumption will place unprecedented countries, declining in 25 percent and roughly strains on resources and present new challenges static in 5 percent(Figure 1) to the sustainable management of forests In two-thirds of the countries where including other wooded lane agricultural land is expanding, forest area is About 50 percent of the worlds inhabitants, decreasing but in the other one-third, forests mostly in developing countries, are likely to are expanding suffer malnutrition and poverty in the next 50 In 60 percent of the countries where years unless technologies to increase current agricultural land is decreasing, forests are levels of agricultural productivity are expanding. In most of the rest(36 percent), developed in time(IIASA and FAO, 2002) forests are decreasing Capital formation per agricultural worker Other wooded lands(shrub and forest fallows) has remained stagnant or declined in have roughly maintained their share of the land countries where more than 20 percent of the However, given the dynamic nature of land use, population is undernourished and where some land might revert to secondary forests over agriculture is essential to alleviate poverty time and improve food security(FAO, IFAD and Because other wooded lands may be a buffer WFP2002) for changes in land use, it is important to By 2050, the global population is expected to understand changes in these areas. Integrated increase by about 3 billion to a total of about assessment and monitoring of trees outside 9 billion, with growth occurring primarily in forests is necessary to draw meaningful developing countries where the potential to inferences for wider cross-sectoral policy ncrease arable land is minimal(IIASa and interventions in the forest, agriculture and FAO2002) environment sectors(IIASA and FAO, 2002).As The net impact of climate change on agricultural expansion into forests seems agriculture in developing countries is inevitable(FAO, 2001 ) a key question for future
3 SECTOR FOREST THE IN DEVELOPMENTS AND SITUATION THE I PART institutions national among collaboration close is Forest National established newly the and .(55. p see (Facility Programme AND EXPANSION AGRICULTURAL DEFORESTATION identified have researchers, years the Over in factor common a as expansion agricultural much, Indeed. deforestation on studies all almost the at been has production food in increase the of of hectares of millions of hundreds of expense of estimates solid no are there Although. forest originally was land grazing and farm much how large a that remains point the, forest under that and, agriculture for cleared was portion .future the in cleared be will land additional better a gain to way under therefore are Efforts the between relationship the of understanding .sectors two and increases population from pressure Added consumption growing per growing and increases population Large unprecedented place will consumption capita challenges new present and resources on strains ,forests of management sustainable the to .land wooded other including ,inhabitants s’world the of percent 50 About• to likely are, countries developing in mostly 50 next the in poverty and malnutrition suffer current increase to technologies unless years are productivity agricultural of levels .(2002, FAO and IIASA (time in developed worker agricultural per formation Capital• in declined or stagnant remained has the of percent 20 than more where countries where and undernourished is population poverty alleviate to essential is agriculture and IFAD, FAO (security food improve and .(2002, WFP to expected is population global the, 2050 By• about of total a to billion 3 about by increase in primarily occurring growth with, billion 9 to potential the where countries developing and IIASA (minimal is land arable increase .(2002, FAO on change climate of impact net The• is countries developing in agriculture significant more and negative be to expected and IIASA (countries industrialized in than .(2002, FAO years 50 next the over conditions extreme Such to incentives significant in result to likely are on entirely not but mostly, agriculture expand many In. deforestation through cleared land new under area the, however, countries industrialized thus land and, shrinking is agriculture .forest to converted being is abandoned agricultural and forested between Relationship areas clear a is there whether on light shed To forested between dynamics the in relationship qualitative analysed FAO, areas agricultural and global of basis the on trends change temporal the excluded analysis this, However. statistics agricultural drive that factors of identification that processes the and contraction or expansion .changes such facilitate agricultural that indicate findings Preliminary of percent 70 about in expanding is land roughly and percent 25 in declining, countries .(1 Figure (percent 5 in static where countries the of thirds-two In• is area forest, expanding is land agricultural forests, third-one other the in but, decreasing .expanding are where countries the of percent 60 In• are forests, decreasing is land agricultural ,(percent 36 (rest the of most In. expanding .decreasing are forests (fallows forest and shrub (lands wooded Other .land the of share their maintained roughly have ,use land of nature dynamic the given, However over forests secondary to revert might land some .time buffer a be may lands wooded other Because to important is it, use land in changes for Integrated. areas these in changes understand outside trees of monitoring and assessment meaningful draw to necessary is forests policy sectoral-cross wider for inferences and agriculture, forest the in interventions As). 2002, FAO and IIASA (sectors environment seems forests into expansion agricultural future for question key a), 2001, FAO (inevitable
STATE OF THE WORLDs FORESTs 2003 sustainable livelihoods, food security and sustainable forest management is the extent to Expansion and contraction of agriculture and forests: which this buffer can absorb or cushion the percentage of global area expected increase in the demand for agricultural production. Agriculture contracting d agricultural technology and its It is equally important to recognize that many Innovations agricultural production since the greer revolution have had a positive impact on forest area. without them much more land would be needed to produce todays amounts of wheat, maize rice and oth Indeed, the more agriculture is intensified on a sustainable basis, the less pressure there will be to deforest in order to provide new areas for implications in terms of forging links among environmental interests, agricultural research and intensification efforts. The following particularly needed agricultural uses of land, perhaps through national or regional land-use policy Agriculture expanding initiatives: Forest new initiatives to support agricultural Forest area contracting Forest area stable research, technological development and activities that help bring about sustainable increases in yields per hectare of farmland development of planted forests and land-use policies that can help to reduce pressure on Forestry and agriculture are inseparable ancient and fragile forests -areas that are also linked to economic aspects of forest production, industry development and trade MANGROVE CONVERSION AND It is rightly said that the solution to problems of deforestation and forest land degradation lies outside the forests .. FAO is fully CONSERVATION convinced, based on its many years of experience, that it is es- Mangroves are found along sheltered coastlines ential for forestry and agriculture to work hand in hand in the tropics and subtropics, where they fulfil important functions in conserving biological Dr Jacques Diouf, FAO Director-General diversity and providing wood and non-wood forest products(NWFPs); coastal protection; and Rome. 8 to 9 March 1999 habitat, spawning grounds and nutrients for a ariety of fish and shellfish, includin commercial species. High population pressure in
2003 FORESTS S’WORLD THE OF STATE 4 and security food, livelihoods sustainable to extent the is management forest sustainable the cushion or absorb can buffer this which agricultural for demand the in increase expected .production its and technology agricultural Improved forests on impact many that recognize to important equally is It intensify to innovations technological green the since production agricultural forest on impact positive a had have revolution be would land more much, them Without. area ,wheat of amounts s’today produce to needed .crops food major other and rice, maize on intensified is agriculture more the, Indeed will there pressure less the, basis sustainable a for areas new provide to order in deforest to be significant has point This. agriculture among links forging of terms in implications research agricultural, interests environmental are following The. efforts intensification and :needed particularly and forest between linkages policy direct• through perhaps, land of uses agricultural policy use-land regional or national ;initiatives agricultural support to initiatives new• and development technological, research sustainable about bring help that activities ;farmland of hectare per yields in increases the, research forestry for support increased• use-land and forests planted of development on pressure reduce to help can that policies are that areas – forests fragile and ancient forest of aspects economic to linked also .trade and development industry, production AND CONVERSION MANGROVE CONSERVATION coastlines sheltered along found are Mangroves fulfil they where, subtropics and tropics the in biological conserving in functions important wood-non and wood providing and diversity and; protection coastal); NWFPs (products forest a for nutrients and grounds spawning, habitat many including, shellfish and fish of variety in pressure population High. species commercial 1 FIGURE :forests and agriculture of contraction and Expansion area global of percentage stable Agriculture expanding Agriculture contracting Agriculture expanding area Forest contracting area Forest stable area Forest inseparable are agriculture and Forestry and deforestation of problems to solution the that said rightly is It“ fully is FAO. ... forests the outside lies degradation land forest “.hand in hand work to agriculture and forestry for sentiales is it that, experience of years many its on based, convinced General-Director FAO, Diouf Jacques Dr ,Forestry on Meeting Ministerial 1999 March 9 to 8, Rome
PART I THE SITUATION AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FOREST SECTOR Forestry and agriculture face similar challenges Today, agriculture and the forest sector are more inextricably ments. The sustainable management of forests and trees linked than ever before as they face similar challenges in including the use of agroforestry and watershed manage- coping with poverty and food insecurity. While these prob- ment, is an integral part of the effort to reduce food insecu- lems contribute to forest destruction and degradation, the rity, alleviate poverty and improve environmental quality for solution for alleviating them and for minimizing the negative the rural poor Technological innovations and new manage- impacts of agriculture on the environment involves a com- ment methods that increase agricultural and forest yields per plex set of factors, using the best of old and new technolo- hectare can also have a significant positive impact on the gies, innovative ideas and modern institutional ar coastal areas has led to the conversion of many mangrove areas to other uses, including infrastructure, aquaculture, rice growing and TABLE 1 salt production Numerous case studies have Previous estimates of global mangrove area described mangrove losses over time. However, information on global-level status and trends is scarce.The first attempt to estimate the total Reference Reference Estimated mangrove area in the world was undertaken as part of the FAO/UNEP Tropical Forest Resources assessment in 1980. when the world FAO UnEp 1981a, b c 1980 15642673 total was estimated as 15.6 million hectares Saenger, Hegerl Davie, 1983 1983 16221000 More recent estimates range from 12 to 20 FAO.1994 1980-1985 million hectares(Table 1). In many of these studies, countries with small areas of roombridge, 1992 1992 19847861 mangroves were excluded because of a lack of ITTO/ISME, 1993b 1993 5 1242911 nformation and because their combined area of Fisher Spalding, 1993 1993 19881800 mangroves would not significantly affect the Spalding, Blasco&Field, 1997 1997 112 18100077 world total Aizpuru, Achard Blasco, 2000 2000 112c 17075600 A recent initiative by FAO aims at facilitating access to comprehensive information on the a For FAO& UNEP, 1981a, b, c puru, Achard Blasco, 2000, the re the average for all the estimates included, weighted by the area of each estimate For past and present extent of mangroves in all the all other sources, the reference year is the date of the publication(s) countries and areas in which they exist. This Combined figure from three publications: Clough, 1993; Diop, 1993; and Lacerda, 1993 New data were provided for 21 countries. For the remaining countries the estimate builds on the earlier FAO /UNEP assessment is based on Spalding, Blasco& Field, 1997 and on the recent fra 2000, for which all sked to provide informatic current forest area according to forest type, An extensive literature search yielded using their own classification systems. Because additional information. More than 2 800 national mangroves are a distinct and relatively easil and subnational data sets have been collected so defined forest type, most countries that have far, covering 121 countries and areas where mangroves were able to provide information mangroves are known to exist, with the earliest estimates dating back to 1918. The int
5 SECTOR FOREST THE IN DEVELOPMENTS AND SITUATION THE I PART many of conversion the to led has areas coastal including, uses other to areas mangrove and growing rice, aquaculture, infrastructure have studies case Numerous. production salt ,However. time over losses mangrove described is trends and status level-global on information total the estimate to attempt first The. scarce as undertaken was world the in area mangrove Forest Tropical UNEP/FAO the of part world the when, 1980 in Assessment Resources .hectares million 6.15 as estimated was total 20 to 12 from range estimates recent More these of many In). 1 Table (hectares million of areas small with countries, studies of lack a of because excluded were mangroves of area combined their because and information the affect significantly not would mangroves .total world facilitating at aims FAO by initiative recent A the on information comprehensive to access the all in mangroves of extent present and past This. exist they which in areas and countries assessment UNEP/FAO earlier the on builds all which for, 2000 FRA recent the on and on information provide to asked were countries ,type forest to according area forest current Because. systems classification own their using easily relatively and distinct a are mangroves have that countries most, type forest defined information provide to able were mangroves .them about Estimated Number Reference Reference total world countries of yeara (ha (included 673 642 15 51 1980 c, b, 1981a, UNEP & FAO 000 221 16 65 1983 1983, Davie & Hegerl, Saenger 000 500 16 56 1985–1980 1994, FAO 861 847 19 87 1992 1992, Groombridge 115 429 12 54 1993 1993b, ISME/ITTO 800 881 19 91 1993 1993, Spalding & Fisher 077 100 18 112 1997 1997, Field & Blasco, Spalding 600 075 17 112c 2000 2000, Blasco & Achard, Aizpuru year reference the, 2000, Blasco & Achard, Aizpuru and c, b, 1981a, UNEP & FAO For a For. estimate each of area the by weighted, included estimates the all for average the is .(s(publication the of date the is year reference the, sources other all .1993, Lacerda and; 1993, Diop; 1993, Clough: publications three from figure bCombined estimate the countries remaining the For. countries 21 for provided were data cNew .1997, Field & Blasco, Spalding on based is 1 TABLE area mangrove global of estimates Previous inextricably more are sector forest the and agriculture, Today in challenges similar face they as before ever than linked the, degradation and destruction forest to contribute lemsprob these While. insecurity food and poverty with coping negative the minimizing for and them alleviating for solution ,trees and forests of management sustainable The. mentsarrange institutional modern and ideas innovative, giestechnolo new and old of best the using, factors of set plexcom a involves environment the on agriculture of impacts for quality environmental improve and poverty alleviate, rityinsecu food reduce to effort the of part integral an is, mentmanage watershed and agroforestry of use the including per yields forest and agricultural increase that methods mentmanage new and innovations Technological. poor rural the the on impact positive significant a have also can hectare .forests s’world challenges similar face agriculture and Forestry yielded search literature extensive An national 800 2 than More. information additional so collected been have sets data subnational and where areas and countries 121 covering, far earliest the with, exist to known are mangroves information The. 1918 to back dating estimates
STATE OF THE WORLDs FORESTs 2003 Red mangroves has been analysed with the assistance of mangrove experts throughout the world. One of the results is an updated list of the most reliable, recent estimates for each country, based mainly on inventories or the analysis of remote sensing imagery. Regression analyses based on earlier data provided estimates for 1990 and 1980 and an extrapolated estimate for 2000 to each country. The regional and world totals are shown in Table 2, while Table 3 shows results for individual countries. Three examples of the trend analysis generated from the data are given in Figure 2. As can be seen from the results, mangrove deforestation is continuing, albeit at a slightly lower rate than in the 1980s the relatively high mangrove deforestation rates in Asia, the Caribbean and latin america in the 1980s reflect the large-scale conversion of mangroves for aquaculture and tourism infrastructures. Most countries have now banned the conversion of mangroves for aquaculture purposes and require environmental impact assessments prior to any large-scale conversion of mangroves to other TABLE 2 Status and trends in mangrove area by region cent estimate 1980 1990-2000 a) Africa 3390 1993 3659 3470 3351 Asia 7857 6689 5833 North and Central America 2103 1578 1850 1527 1.0 South america 3802 1.0 15763 1992 19809 17 14653 .0 Weighted average of all the countries in the region
2003 FORESTS S’WORLD THE OF STATE 6 of assistance the with analysed been has of One. world the throughout experts mangrove ,reliable most the of list updated an is results the mainly based, country each for estimates recent sensing remote of analysis the or inventories on earlier on based analyses Regression. imagery an and 1980 and 1990 for estimates provided data .country each to 2000 for estimate extrapolated ,2 Table in shown are totals world and regional The individual for results shows 3 Table while analysis trend the of examples Three. countries .2 Figure in given are data the from generated mangrove, results the from seen be can As slightly a at albeit, continuing is deforestation high relatively The. 1980s the in than rate lower the, Asia in rates deforestation mangrove reflect 1980s the in America Latin and Caribbean for mangroves of conversion scale-large the Most. infrastructures tourism and aquaculture of conversion the banned now have countries require and purposes aquaculture for mangroves any to prior assessments impact environmental other to mangroves of conversion scale-large mangroves Red (mangle Rhizophora( Caribbean the in change Annual 2000 change Annual 1990 1980 reliable Most Region 2000–1990) ha 000 (‘1990–1980) ha 000) (‘ha 000 (‘estimate recent (%) (%) yeara. Ref) ha 000(‘ 3.0 -351 3 5.0 -470 3 659 3 1993 390 3 Africa 2.1 -833 5 5.1 -689 6 857 7 1991 662 6 Asia 4.1 -968 1 3.1 -296 2 641 2 1994 103 2 America Central and North 0.1 -527 1 8.0 -704 1 850 1 1995 578 1 Oceania 0.1 -974 1 2.4 -202 2 802 3 1992 030 2 America South 0.1 -653 14 7.1 -361 16 809 19 1992 763 15 World a .region the in countries the all of average Weighted 2 TABLE region by area mangrove in trends and Status BRAATZ. S/0747–FO/DEPARTMENT FORESTRY FAO
PART I THE SITUATION AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FOREST SECTOR TABlE 3 Status and trends in mangrove area Most reliable recent 1980 Ref. ye Afri 3390107 1993 36593223469844 0.53350813 0.3 59700 227500 2000 267000248000 00 1976 2600 2600 Congo 1995 Cote d'lvoire 12700 Dem. Rep of the Congo 22600 35300 22100 Djibouti 1985 1000 482 2520 1997 6300 115000 2000 140000 127500 390 -1.0 59600 1993 61700 .4 Guinea 285000 Guinea-Bissau 248400 245000245000 245000 Liberi Madagascar 325560 327000 Mauritania 04 140 Mozambique 392749 402800 396600 390500 7 999000 998000 997000 nci n d Senegal 182400 175000175800 6700 0.1 Seychelles 2000 2400 1900 156500 65600 135300 1.0 Somalia 10000 1975 9500 7500 Ca -4.0 Sudan 1995 12 United Rep. of Tanzania 143284 1987 1999 0 1300 666171 7856 5832737 Bahrain Bangladesh 622482 1992 9630 0950 622600 n.s.=not significant. insufficient information was available, i. e. only one estimate within the last 30 years (less than 1 percent of the was assumed to real, the extrapolation t o 20o was based on the ove all forest change rate as reported in FRA 2000 FA, 200)applied of the total mangrove he reference year given for the regional totals of the most reliable recent estimates is the weighted average of all the countries reported AllprimarydatasetsareavailableontheInternetatwww.fao.org/forestry/mangroves
7 SECTOR FOREST THE IN DEVELOPMENTS AND SITUATION THE I PART change Annual 2000 change Annual 1990 1980 recent reliable Most area/Country 2000–1990) ha (1990–1980) ha) (ha (estimate (%) (%) year. Ref) ha( 3.0 -813 350 3 5.0 -844 469 3 322 659 3 1993 107 390 3 Africa 6.1 -700 59 3.4 -400 71 000 125 1992 700 60 Angola 3.2 -080 1 8.6 -400 1 400 4 1989 700 1 Benin 8.0 -000 229 7.0 -000 248 000 267 2000 500 227 Cameroon .s.n 600 2. s.n 600 2 600 2 1976 600 2 Comoros 1.4 -900 11 3.3 -000 20 000 30 1995 000 12 Congo 8.6 -700 12 5.5 -000 40 000 89 1995 000 15 Ivoire’d Côte 7.3 -100 22 2.4 -300 35 600 60 1995 600 22 Congo the of. Rep. Dem .s.n 000 1. s.n 000 1 000 1 1985 000 1 Djibouti a.n 480. a.n 500 500 1998 482 Egypt 3.0 -300 25 3.0 -000 26 700 26 1995 700 25 Guinea Equatorial 3.0 -300 6 3.0 -500 6 700 6 1997 400 6 Eritrea 0.1 -000 115 9.0 -500 127 000 140 2000 000 115 Gabon 4.0 -100 59 4.0 -700 61 300 64 1993 600 59 Gambia 8.1 -000 9 8.0 -000 11 000 12 1995 000 10 Ghana .s.n 000 290 3.0 500 292 000 285 1995 300 296 Guinea .s.n 000 245. s.n 000 245 000 245 1990 400 248 Bissau-Guinea 3.0 -600 51 2.0 -100 53 400 54 1995 980 52 Kenya .s.n 000 19. s.n 000 19 000 19 1995 000 19 Liberia 2.0 -000 314 2.0 -000 320 000 327 1987 560 325 Madagascar 5.2 -84 0.2 -112 140 1993 104 Mauritania .s.n 7. s.n 7 7 1991 7 Mauritius .s.n 670. s.n 670 670 1989 668 Mayotte 2.0 -500 390 2.0 -600 396 800 402 1997 749 392 Mozambique .s.n 000 997. s.n 000 998 000 999 1995 700 997 Nigeria .a.n. a.n. a.n. a.n. a.n. a.n. a.n Principe and Tome Sao 1.0 700 176. s.n 800 175 000 175 1985 400 182 Senegal 0.1 -900 1 3.1 -100 2 400 2 1995 000 2 Seychelles 0.1 -300 135 9.0 -500 150 600 165 1986 500 156 Leone Sierra 2.1 -500 7 1.1 -500 8 500 9 1975 000 10 Somalia 7.0 -667 0.4 -720 200 1 1991 673 Africa South 3.1 -465 2.1 -535 605 1995 500 Sudan 8.0 200 164 8.0 500 152 700 140 1987 284 143 Tanzania of. Rep United 6.2 -960 3.1 -300 1 500 1 1999 000 1 Togo 3.1 -737 832 5 5.1 -280 689 6 500 856 7 1991 717 661 6 Asia .s.n 100. s.n 100 100 1992 100 Bahrain 2.0 600 622 2.0 500 609 300 596 1992 482 622 Bangladesh 3 TABLE area mangrove in trends and Status .available not. = a.n .significant not. = s.n Where. 2000 to extrapolated country each for time over estimates existing of analysis regression on based are estimates 2000 and 1990, 1980 The: Notes to assumed was area the), area mangrove total the of percent 1 than less (years 30 last the within estimate one only. e.i, available was information insufficient mangrove total the of percent 5 about (unavailable was information recent Where. otherwise indicated information qualitative unless constant remained have .estimate reliable latest the to applied) 2001, FAO (2000 FRA in reported as rate change forest overall the on based was 2000 to extrapolation the), area .2002b, FAO and; 2002a, FAO see, methodology on information detailed For .reported countries the all of average weighted the is estimates recent reliable most the of totals regional the for given year reference The .mangroves/forestry/org.fao.www at Internet the on available are sets data primary All
STATE OF THE WORLDs FORESTs 2003 Most reliable recent nnual change 2000 Annual change 1980-1990 Re Brunei darussalam 17100 18300 16300 Cambodia 72835 1997 83000 74600 63700 China 36882 1994 -3.2 23700 487100 1997 506000 479000 Indoles 3493110 1988 42540003530700 2930000 Islam. Rep of Iran 0700 1994 -1.6 1980 2 Malaysia 587269 1995 669000 620500 572100 Maldives n. a n. d 452492 1996 531000480000 0 432300 000 1992 345000207000 176000 127610 1990 206500123400 109700 audi Arabia 20400 2040020400 20400 Ingapore 9400 8800 7600 Thailand 244085 285500262000 244000 Timor-Leste 3035 2000 4100 3035 United Arab Emirates 3300 Viet Nam 252500 227000 165000 104000 Yemen 1100 980 1.1 80 North and Central America 2 102 886 26412892296400 13 1968397 14 and Barbuda 1175 1991 1570 Aruba 141957 1991 170000 145000 40000 Barbados 6576 1995 68800 0.8 62700 -0.9 Bermuda 16 1992 16 British Virgin Islands avma 7 268 1991 7300 0 ns 7200 Costa rica 41330 41000 41000 4100 0 529700 1992 530500 529000 Dominica 10 Dominican Republic 21215 EI Salvador 2680 1994 47200 35600 24000 992 2325 3900 2500 3.5 Guatemala 17727 15800 17800 -1 Honduras 54300 1995 156400 103300 Jamaica 3000 10800 5.3 Mexico 488000 640000 43000 40000 Montserrat Netherlands antilles 1138 1140 1130 282000 336000280000 214300
2003 FORESTS S’WORLD THE OF STATE 8 change Annual 2000 change Annual 1990 1980 recent reliable Most area/Country 2000–1990) ha (1990–1980) ha) (ha (estimate (%) (%) year. Ref) ha( 6.0 -300 16 5.0 -300 17 300 18 1992 100 17 Darussalam Brunei 5.1 -700 63 0.1 -600 74 000 83 1997 835 72 Cambodia 7.4 -700 23 2.3 -800 44 900 65 1994 882 36 China 3.0 -000 479 3.0 -600 492 000 506 1997 100 487 India 7.1 -000 930 2 7.1 -700 530 3 000 254 4 1988 110 493 3 Indonesia 5.0 -000 20 6.1 -000 21 000 25 1994 700 20 Iran of. Rep. Islam s.n 400. s.n 400 400 1980 400 Japan .a.n 2. a.n. a.n. a.n 2000 2 Kuwait 8.0 -100 572 7.0 -500 620 000 669 1995 269 587 Malaysia .a.n. a.n. a.n. a.n. a.n. a.n. a.n Maldives 0.1 -300 432 0.1 -000 480 000 531 1996 492 452 Myanmar .s.n 000 2. s.n 000 2 000 2 1992 000 2 Oman 5.1 -000 176 0.4 -000 207 000 345 1990 000 207 Pakistan 1.1 -700 109 0.4 -400 123 500 206 1990 610 127 Philippines s.n 500. s.n 500 500 1992 500 Qatar s.n 400 20. s.n 400 20 400 20 1985 400 20 Arabia Saudi .s.n 500 1.8 -500 700 2 1990 500 Singapore 4.1 -600 7 6.0 -800 8 400 9 1992 688 8 Lanka Sri 7.0 -000 244 8.0 -000 262 500 285 2000 085 244 Thailand 6.1 -035 3 2.1 -600 3 100 4 2000 035 3 Leste-Timor 1.1 000 4 9.0 600 3 300 3 1999 000 4 Emirates Arab United 7.3 -000 104 7.2 -000 165 000 227 1983 500 252 Nam Viet 8.1 -800 1.1 -980 100 1 1993 927 Yemen 4.1 -397 968 1 3.1 -400 296 2 289 641 2 1994 886 102 2 America Central and North .s.n 90. s.n 90 90 1991 90 Anguilla 5.2 -900 4.2 -200 1 570 1 1991 175 1 Barbuda and Antigua .s.n 420. s.n 420 420 1986 420 Aruba 3.0 -000 140 5.1 -000 145 000 170 1991 957 141 Bahamas 8.3 -10 7.4 -16 30 1991 14 Barbados 9.0 -700 62 8.0 -800 68 000 75 1995 767 65 Belize 6.0 -15 6.0 -16 17 1992 16 Bermuda 6.0 -590 5.0 -630 660 2001 587 Islands Virgin British .s.n 200 7. s.n 300 7 300 7 1991 268 7 Islands Cayman .s.n 000 41. s.n 000 41 000 41 1992 330 41 Rica Costa .s.n 000 529. s.n 800 529 500 530 1992 700 529 Cuba 1.3 -9 8.6 -13 40 1991 10 Dominica 9.2 -700 18 2.2 -300 26 800 33 1998 215 21 Republic Dominican 3.3 -000 24 5.2 -600 35 200 47 1994 800 26 Salvador El 2.1 -230 1.1 -262 295 1992 255 Grenada 8.0 -300 2 5.3 -500 2 900 3 1997 325 2 Guadeloupe 1.1 -800 15 0.1 -800 17 800 19 1998 727 17 Guatemala 3.3 -000 10 6.1 -000 15 800 17 1990 000 15 Haiti 2.5 -000 50 4.3 -300 103 400 156 1995 300 54 Honduras 4.1 -300 9 3.5 -800 10 000 23 1997 731 9 Jamaica .s.n 800 1. s.n 900 1 900 1 1998 840 1 Martinique 9.1 -000 440 5.1 -000 543 000 640 1994 000 488 Mexico .s.n 5. s.n 5 5 1991 5 Montserrat .s.n 130 1. s.n 138 1 140 1 1980 138 1 Antilles Netherlands 3.2 -300 214 7.1 -000 280 000 336 1992 000 282 Nicaragua
PART I THE SITUATION AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FOREST SECTOR Count Most reliable recent Annual change Annual change estimate 980-1990 Ref. year 158100 2000 230000166000 158000 Puerto rico 6410 2001 6500 6400 6400 Saint Kitts and Nevis -0.5 Saint Lu 200 Saint Vincent and Grenadines 1991 7150 1991 9000 7200 Turks and Caicos islands 600 2360023600 2360 United States 197648 2001 263000260000 203000 United States Virgin Island 19 978 1577967 18500681703949 1526924 1.0 51 Australia 955277 1997 11500001050000 -0.9 955000 4246 4700 43000 37000 1.6 .9 Kiribati 1995 Marshall Islands Micronesia 1983 8500 Nauru 20250 1987 20500 20100 20000 New Zealand 22200 1996 2400 19900 3000 Northern Mariana Islands 5 5 Palau 4708 1985 4700 Papua New Guinea 464000 525000492000 425000 amod 199 Solomon islands 52500 1995 61200 55400 49500 1.1 Tokelau 1990 1300 1300 Tuvalu 1993 519 -2.1 Wallis and Futuna Island South america 2030330 1992 38016002202000 442 1974300 1.0 012376 991 26400001150000 5.6 1010000 -1.2 Colombia 379954 1996 440000 396600 354500 1.1 149688 1999 193000 French guiana 55000 55000 55000 55000 ns Guyana 80400 9100083400 76000 4791 7600 -0.6 1998 115000105600 96300 venezuela 250000 1986 260000 240000 230000 ite ti in the set where r cess thao m ption w os the tota pme the total mangrove area), the extrapolation to 2000 was based on the overall forest change rate as reported in FRA 2000 (FAO, 2001)applied to the latest reliable estimate. For detailed information on methodology, see FAO, 2002a; and FAO, 2002b. The reference year given for the regional totals of the most reliable recent estimates is the weighted average of all the countries reported
9 SECTOR FOREST THE IN DEVELOPMENTS AND SITUATION THE I PART change Annual 2000 change Annual 1990 1980 recent reliable Most area/Country 2000–1990) ha (1990–1980) ha) (ha (estimate (%) (%) year. Ref) ha( 5.0 -000 158 8.2 -000 166 000 230 2000 100 158 Panama .s.n 400 6 2.0 -400 6 500 6 2001 410 6 Rico Puerto 6.0 -75 5.0 -80 84 1991 79 Nevis and Kitts Saint .s.n 200. s.n 200 200 2002 200 Lucia Saint 3.1 -45 3.1 -52 60 1991 51 Grenadines and Vincent Saint 8.0 -600 6 0.2 -200 7 000 9 1991 150 7 Tobago and Trinidad .s.n 600 23. s.n 600 23 600 23 1991 600 23 Islands Caicos and Turks 2.2 -000 203 1.0 -000 260 000 263 2001 648 197 States United .s.n 978. s.n 978 978 1991 978 Islands Virgin States United 0.1 -924 526 1 8.0 -949 703 1 068 850 1 1995 967 577 1 Oceania .s.n 50 2.0 -50 51 1976 52 Samoa American 9.0 -000 955 9.0 -000 050 1 000 150 1 1997 277 955 Australia 4.1 -000 37 9.0 -000 43 000 47 1991 464 42 Fiji 9.1 -60 6.1 -74 88 1993 70 Guam .s.n 250. s.n 260 260 1995 258 Kiribati .a.n. a.n. a.n. a.n. a.n. a.n. a.n Islands Marshall .s.n 500 8. s.n 500 8 500 8 1983 564 8 Micronesia .s.n 1 0.5 -1 2 1993 1 Nauru .s.n 000 20 2.0 -100 20 500 20 1987 250 20 Caledonia New 0.1 -900 19 8.0 -000 22 000 24 1996 200 22 Zealand New .s.n 000 3. s.n 000 3 000 3 1981 000 3 Niue .s.n 5. s.n 5 7 1984 7 Islands Mariana Northern .s.n 700 4. s.n 700 4 700 4 1985 708 4 Palau 4.1 -000 425 6.0 -000 492 000 525 1993 000 464 Guinea New Papua 4.2 -618 9.1 -809 000 1 1993 752 Samoa 1.1 -500 49 9.0 -400 55 200 61 1995 500 52 Islands Solomon .a.n. a.n. a.n. a.n. a.n. a.n. a.n Tokelau .s.n 300 1. s.n 300 1 300 1 1990 305 1 Tonga 0.2 -40 7.1 -50 60 1993 40 Tuvalu 6.2 -000 2 1.2 -700 2 400 3 1993 519 2 Vanuatu .a.n. a.n. a.n. a.n. a.n. a.n. a.n Islands Futuna and Wallis 0.1 -300 974 1 2.4 -000 202 2 600 801 3 1992 330 030 2 America South 2.1 -000 010 1 6.5 -000 150 1 000 640 2 1991 376 012 1 Brazil 1.1 -500 354 0.1 -600 396 000 440 1996 954 379 Colombia 1.1 -800 147 4.1 -400 166 000 193 1999 688 149 Ecuador .s.n 000 55. s.n 000 55 000 55 1980 000 55 Guiana French 9.0 -000 76 8.0 -400 83 000 91 1994 400 80 Guyana 6.0 -700 4 4.3 -000 5 600 7 1992 791 4 Peru 9.0 -300 96 8.0 -600 105 000 115 1998 121 98 Suriname 4.0 -000 230 8.0 -000 240 000 260 1986 000 250 Venezuela .available not. = a.n .significant not. = s.n Where. 2000 to extrapolated country each for time over estimates existing of analysis regression on based are estimates 2000 and 1990, 1980 The: Notes to assumed was area the), area mangrove total the of percent 1 than less (years 30 last the within estimate one only. e.i, available was information insufficient mangrove total the of percent 5 about (unavailable was information recent Where. otherwise indicated information qualitative unless constant remained have .estimate reliable latest the to applied) 2001, FAO (2000 FRA in reported as rate change forest overall the on based was 2000 to extrapolation the), area .2002b, FAO and; 2002a, FAO see, methodology on information detailed For .reported countries the all of average weighted the is estimates recent reliable most the of totals regional the for given year reference The .mangroves/forestry/org.fao.www at Internet the on available are sets data primary All
